Introduction to Psychology

Introduction to Psychology we are thinking about it. Maintenance rehearsal involves simple, rote repetition and keeps information active in working memory. Elaborative rehearsal involves focusing on the meaning of information or expanding and elaborating on it in some way. Elaborative rehearsal provides a deeper processing than maintenance rehearsal. Mnemonic Devices- This is a form of a memory aid that reorganizes information into more meaningful units and provide extra clues to help retrieve information from long- term memory. Organizing material in a hierarchy takes advantage of the principle that memory is enhanced by associations between concepts. A logical hierarchy enhances our understanding of how individual items are related. Chunking refers to combining individual items into larger units of meaning. Dual coding theory means encoding information using both verbal associations and visual imagery, because the odds improve that at least one of the codes will be available later to support recall. The method of loci is a memory aid that associates information with mental images of physical locations. Forgetting- We often cannot recall information because we never encoded it into long-term memory in the first place. Decay Theory- Proposes that with time and disuse, the long-term physical memory trace in the nervous system fades away. Replacement Theory- Holds that new information entering the memory replaces old information already stored. Interference- According to this theory, we forget information because other items in long-term memory impair our ability to retrieve it. Proactive interference occurs when material learned in the past interferes with recall of newer material. Retroactive interference occurs when newly acquired information interferes with the ability to recall information learned at an earlier time. Repression- Is a motivational process that protects us by blocking the conscious recall of anxiety arousing memories. Cue dependent- Is the failure to recall information without memory cues, along with the failure to recall a memory due to missing stimuli or cues that were present at the time the memory was encoded.

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