Introduction to Psychology

Introduction to Psychology

© 2015 of 97 Mood Disorders Mood Disorders- Mood disorders are characterized by depression, mania, or both. Together with anxiety disorders, mood disorders are the most frequently experienced psychological disorders. There is a high comorbidity involving anxiety and mood disorders. Major Depression and Causes- In clinical depression the frequency, intensity, and duration of depressive symptoms are out of proportion to the person’s life situation. Some people may respond to a minor setback or loss with major depression, an intense depressed state that leaves them unable to function effectively in their lives. Depression has four sets of symptoms: emotional, cognitive, motivational, and somatic. The symptoms of negative emotions and thoughts, loss of motivation, and behavioral slowness are reversed in mania. Both genetic and neurochemical factors have been linked to depression. One prominent biochemical theory links depression to an underactivity of the neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin) that activate brain areas involved in pleasure and positive motivation. Bipolar disorder seems to have an even stronger genetic component than unipolar depression. Bipolar Disorders- When a person experiences only depression, the disorder is called unipolar depression. In a bipolar disorder, depression (which is usually the dominant state) alternates with periods of mania, a state of highly excited mood and behavior that is quite the opposite of depression. In a manic state, mood is euphoric and cognitions are grandiose. The person sees no limits to what he or she can accomplish and fails to consider negative consequences that may ensue if grandiose plans are acted on. At a motivational level, manic behavior is hyperactive. Personality Disorders Personality Disorders- Personality disorders are rigid, maladaptive patterns of behavior that persist over a long period of time. Personality disorders are characterized by patterns of behavior of thinking that are clearly and substantially inconsistent with the expectations of one’s culture. Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)- People with antisocial personality disorder seem to lack a conscience, they exhibit little anxiety or guilt and tend to be impulsive and unable to delay gratification of their needs. People with APD are among the most interpersonally destructive and emotionally harmful individuals. APD is characterized by an egocentric and manipulative tendency toward immediate self-gratification, a lack of empathy for others, a tendency to act out impulsively, and a failure to profit from punishment. Narcissistic Personality Disorder- A narcissistic personality needs undue admiration and praise, is pre-occupied with fantasies of success, accomplishment, and recognition, feels entitled to special treatment, and lacks empathy for others. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)- Refers to a collection of symptoms characterized by serious instability in behavior, emotions, identity, and interpersonal relationships. A central feature of BPD Achieve Page 77