Introduction to Psychology

Introduction to Psychology provide relief from psychiatric illnesses. ECT is usually used as a last line of intervention for major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, mania and catatonia. Psychodynamic Therapy- The goal of psychoanalysis is to help individuals achieve insight into the conscious awareness of the psychodynamics that underlie their problems, so that they can deal adaptively with the current environment. The chief means of promoting insight into psychoanalysis are the therapist’s interpretations of free associations, dream content, resistance, and transference reactions. Psychodynamic theories tend to focus more on current life events. Interpersonal theory is a structured therapy that focuses on current interpersonal problems and the development of needed interpersonal skills. Behavior Therapy- Behavioral treatments based on classical conditioning are directed at modifying emotional responses. Exposure is designed to extinguish anxiety reactions, by exposing individuals to anxiety-arousing stimuli and preventing an avoidance response. Systematic desensitization is designed to gradually condition a response to anxiety-arousing stimuli that is incompatible with anxiety, such as relaxation. Aversion therapy is used to establish a conditioned response to an inappropriate stimulus so that it is no longer attractive. Operant procedures have been applied successfully in many behavior modification programs. Modeling is an important component of social skills training programs, which help people learn/ rehearse more effective social behaviors. Cognitive Therapy-Ellis’s rational-emotive therapy and Beck’s cognitive therapy focus on discovering and changing maladaptive beliefs and logical errors of thinking that underlie maladaptive emotional responses and behaviors. Humanistic and Existential Therapy- Attempts to liberate people’s natural tendency toward self- actualization, by creating a growth-inducing therapeutic relationship. Roger’s person-centered therapy emphasizes the importance of three therapist characteristics: unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness. The goal of Gestalt therapy is to remove blockages to people’s awareness of the wholeness of immediate experience, by making themmore aware of their feelings and the ways in which they interact with others. Family and Couples Therapy- Family therapy is based on the notion that individuals’ problems are often reflections of dysfunctional family systems. It is thought that such systems should be treated as a unit. Marital therapies help couples improve their communication patterns and resolve difficulties in their relationships. In behavioral marital therapies, couples receive communication and relations skills training to increase positive interactions in their marriages.

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