NGOs under European Convention on Human Rights / Tymofeyeva

religion), 528 Article 10 (freedom of expression), 529 Article 11 (freedom of assembly and association), 530 Article 13 (right to an effective remedy) 531 and Article 14 (right not to be discriminated). 532 The Protocols to the Convention also foresee certain rights appropriate to these NGOs in Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions), 533 Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 (rights to free elections) 534 and Article 1 of Protocol No. 12 (general prohibition of discrimination). 535 If, under national law, a legal person may be responsible for committing a criminal offense, an NGO will also enjoy the guarantees regarding criminal proceedings: Article 7 of the Convention (no punishment without law), 536 Article 2 of Protocol No. 7 (right of appeal in criminal matters), 537 Article 3 of Protocol No. 7 (right to compensation for wrongful conviction) 538 and Article 4 Protocol No. 7 (right not to be tried or punished twice). 539 Moreover, in view of the autonomous meaning of the word ‘criminal’ in the case-law of the Court, the safeguards in the course of criminal procedure may also be invoked in an application directed against the CoE member states that do not recognise corporate criminal liability. 540 In some cases, the Court also operated with Articles 17 and 18 of the Convention in relation to applications submitted by Article 34 NGOs. 541 Taking into account the specific nature of these Articles, 542 they will not be covered in this book. Furthermore, the concept of a de facto representative introduced in the case of Centre for Legal Resources on behalf of Valentin Câmpeanu v. Romania, 543 shows that Article 34 NGOs may complain of a violation of the right to life (Article 2) before the Court. Although in this case CLR factually represented Mr Câmpeanu, technically it had received a locus standi as an applicant. For that 530 Partidul Comunistilor (Nepeceristi) , cited above; Demokratik Kitle Partisi and Elçi, cited above; United Communist Party of Turkey, cited above; Socialist Party of Turkey (STP), cited above; Republican Party of Russia , cited above. 531 Sylenok and Tekhnoservis-Plus , cited above , and Amat-G Ltd , cited above. 532 Sâmbata Bihor Greco-Catholic Parish v. Romania , no. 48107/99, 12 January 2010. 533 Centro Europa 7 S.r.l., cited above. 534 Russian Conservative Party , cited above. 535 Savez crkava “Riječ života”, cited above. 536 Radio France, cited above. 537 Siglfirðingur ehf, cited above. 538 Marpa Zeeland B.V. and Metal Welding B.V., cited above. 539 Synnelius and Edsbergs Taxi AB (dec.), cited above; K. S. and K. S. AG (dec.), cited above; and Saarekallas OÜ (dec.), cited above. 540 Provisions of Protocol No. 7 are applicable only to the state parties to this treaty. 541 Refah Partisi (the Welfare Party) [GC], cited above; Socialist Party, cited above; United Communist Party of Turkey, cited above; Fazilet Partisi and Kutan v. Turkey (striking out), no. 1444/02, 27 April 2006 and OAO Neftyanaya Kompaniya Yukos, cited above. 542 See, for example, limitations of the right to freedom of expression under Article 17 of the Convention in TYMOFEYEVA, Alla. Omezení práva na svobodu projevu na základě článku 17 Evropské úmluvy o lidských právech. Mezinárodněprávní aspekty ochrany lidských práv. 1. vyd. Praha: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Právnická fakulta, ediční středisko v nakladatelství Eva Rozkotová, 2013, s. 83-92. 543 Centre for Legal Resources [GC], cited above. 528 Savez crkava “Riječ života”, cited above. 529 OOO Ivpress, cited above.

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