IIW White Paper

Needs and challenges of major industry sectors for future applications Energy sector .................................................................................................................................... 83 9.1.1 Energy consumption and power generation ............................................................................... 84 9.1.2 Power – Fossil ..................................................................................................................................... 86 9.1.3 Hot topics .......................................................................................................................................... 90 9.1.4 Power – Nuclear................................................................................................................................ 90 9.1.5 Hot topics .......................................................................................................................................... 94 9.1.6 Power - Hydro.................................................................................................................................... 94 9.1.7 Hot topics .......................................................................................................................................... 95 9.1.8 Power - Renewable .......................................................................................................................... 96 9.1.9 Hot topics .......................................................................................................................................... 97 9.2 Manufacturing sector ...................................................................................................................... 97 9.2.1 Joining technology in the production process - Actual status and trends ............................... 97 9.2.2 Production using joining technology and economic viability .................................................... 98 9.2.3 Visions for joining technology optimised for processes .............................................................. 102 9.2.4 Production using joining technology and research ................................................................... 103 9.2.5 Hot topics ........................................................................................................................................ 103 9.3 Oil and gas sector .......................................................................................................................... 103 9.3.1 Offshore and onshore – Oil and gas ............................................................................................ 104 9.3.2 Hot Topics ........................................................................................................................................ 106 9.3.3 Hyperbaric welding........................................................................................................................ 106 9.3.4 Hot topics ........................................................................................................................................ 107 9.4 Pipeline sector ................................................................................................................................ 107 9.4.1 Background..................................................................................................................................... 107 9.4.2 Technology trends.......................................................................................................................... 108 9.4.3 Natural and CO 2 gas pipelines ..................................................................................................... 109 9.4.4 Testing of pipes ............................................................................................................................... 110 9.4.5 Hot topics ........................................................................................................................................ 111 9.4.6 Emerging technologies.................................................................................................................. 111 9.5 Pressure equipment sector............................................................................................................ 111 9.5.1 Future of the industry ..................................................................................................................... 112 9.5.2 Residual stress estimates for fitness for service (FFS) ................................................................... 114 9.5.3 Hot topics ........................................................................................................................................ 115 9.6 Automotive sector.......................................................................................................................... 116 9.6.1 Industry trends................................................................................................................................. 117 9.6.2 Materials development ................................................................................................................. 119 9.6.3 Welding processes and challenges ............................................................................................. 119 9.6.4 Hot topics ........................................................................................................................................ 120 9.7 Mining, minerals and materials processing sector ...................................................................... 120 9.1

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Through Optimum Use and Innovation of Welding and Joining Technologies

Improving Global Quality of Life I