A Risk Assessment of Piql Services by FFI

Zone Example regions

Climate

Developmental level

Political stability

Temperate and subarctic . Annual mean temperature (approx.): 10°C. Possible hazards: Earthquake, volcanic activity, flood, hurricane, tornado, tsunami, drought with extreme (high) temps, blizzards with extreme (low) temps, avalanche.

High . Strong economy, sophisticated infrastructure, stable energy supply (generators readily available), high standard on road network, sophisticated Ecom networks, high degree of law and order, proper crisis management.

High . High degree of accountability to population (- China, Russia), absence of violence/terrorism (-China, Russia, US, parts of Europe), high government effectiveness (- Russia), rule of law (-China, Russia), control of corruption (- China, Russia). Very stable borders. Possible threats: Terrorism (seldom), insider theft in low- scoring countries. Low. Low degree of accountability to population, incidents of violence/terrorism, low government effectiveness (- Saudi Arabia, Oman), little rule of law (- Saudi Arabia, Oman), poor control of corruption (- Saudi Arabia, Oman). Potentially unstable borders.

North America (US, Canada), Europe (Including Russia), East Asia (China, Japan).

Possible hazards/threats: Loss of utilities (seldom), theft, espionage

NORTH

(many attractive targets), sabotage (many attractive targets).

Subtropical . Annual mean temperature (approx.): 25°C.

Medium/low (yet pockets of higher levels within countries). Weak economy (-Saudi Arabia), poorly developed infrastructure, highly unstable energy supply in certain countries (few generators available), low standard on road network, poorly developed Ecom networks, medium degree of law and order, unsatisfactory level of crisis management. Possible hazards/threats: Loss of utilities (high), loss of communications (high), theft. Medium. Growing economy, adequate infrastructure, adequate energy supply, medium transport networks (fewer roads than railways), adequately developed Ecom networks, good degree of law and order, ok crisis management. Possible hazards/threats: Loss of utilities (medium), loss of communications (medium), theft, espionage (some attractive targets), sabotage (some attractive target).

Northern Africa (The Sahara, the Sahel, Sub- Saharan Africa), Middle East, Indian subcontinent.

Possible hazards: Sand storms, extreme (high) temps, flood, hurricane, volcanic activity, earthquake.

MIDDLE

Possible threats: Unstable borders, war, terrorism, theft.

Tropical . Annual mean temperature (approx.): 20°C.

Medium. Medium degree of accountability to population (worse in Southeast Asia), some incidents of violence/terrorism (- Botswana), adequate government effectiveness (- Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, India, Indonesia), low rule of law (better in Chile, Brazil, Botswana, South Africa, Namibia, India), problems with control of corruption (fewer in Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, Namibia, Botswana, SA). Stable borders.

Possible hazards: Flood, hurricane, extreme (high) temps, earthquake, volcanic activity.

South America Southeast Asia Southern Africa Australia

SOUTH

Possible threats: Terrorism, theft.

Table 5.1 Geographical zones. Sources: [19, 20, 21, 22]

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FFI-RAPPORT 16/00707