2015 Anatomical Chart Company Catalog

4 Charts & Posters 27 Chart Collections 31 Reference Materials 35 Pediatric/Elementary 36 Alternative Therapy & Study Aids Reference Materials Resources

Understanding Breast Cancer

What Is Breast Cancer?

BreastCancer is themost common formof cancer inwomenand is thenumber2killer (after lung cancer)ofwomenage35 to54. It canalsooccur inmen, though incidence is rare.The survival ratehas improvedbecauseof earlierdiagnosis and thevarietyof treatmentsnow available.Themost common location forBreast Cancer is theupperouterquadrant (theupperpartof thebreast closest to thearm),although itmayoccur inanypartof thebreast.The sizeatwhicha cancer can be felt varies based on its location in the breast and the characteristics of both the cancer and thenormal breast tissue.BreastCancermay spread byway of the lymphatic system to theunderarm lymphnodesorby thebloodstream to the lungs, liver,bones andotherorgans,ordirectly to the skinor surrounding tissues.

Types of Breast Cancer

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is themost common type of in situ cancer. In situ cancers lack the ability to spread outside of thebreast. Infiltratingductal carcinoma (IDC) is themost common type of invasive breast cancer. Invasive or infiltrating cancershave the ability to spread to otherparts of the body. Others invasive cancers include: infiltrating lobular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, tubular cancer andmucinous cancer.

Lateral axillarynodes

Apicalnodes

Central axillarynodes

Infraclavicularnodes

Lowerdeep cervicalnodes

Subscapular (posterior) nodes

Pectoralismajor muscle

Infiltrating (Invasive)DuctalCarcinoma (IDC) This cancer starts inaduct thenbreaks through the ductwall,and invades the fatty tissueof thebreast. IDC is the most common type of breast cancer, accounting fornearly 80% of cases.

DuctalCarcinoma inSitu (DCIS) This is breast cancer at its earliest stage. It is confined to theducts (milkpassage). Nearly 100%ofwomenat this cancer stage canbe cured.

Teresmajor muscle

Breast Self Examination (BSE)

Thebest time toperforma self-exam isaboutoneweekafteryourperiodends. Ifyou donothave regularperiods,perform a self-exam on the sameday everymonth.

Internal mammary nodes

Latissimus dorsimuscle

BSEPatterns

•Standbeforeamirror.Comparebothbreasts, noticing the shapeand size. It isnotunusual for one breast to be larger than the other. Check forunusual signs suchaspuckering, dimpling, scaling of skin, or change in size orshape.Lookat thesame thingswithyour arms indifferentpositions.

Suspensory ligaments

Subareolar plexus Anatomical Charts & Posters

•Raiseyour leftarm.Using thepads of three fingersofyour righthand, feel your left breast firmly, carefully and slowly. Begin at the outer edge, pressing in small circlesmoving slowly around the breast. Be sure to cover the entire breast. Also be sure to examine from your armpit to the collar bone,aswellasbelowyourbreast. •Repeat the steps above on your rightbreast. •While lyingdown, repeat the steps above on both breasts. Lie flat on yourback,withyourarmoveryour head. Place a pillow or folded towel under the shoulder of the breast that you are going to examine. This position flattens the breast andmakes it easier to check.

Lactiferousducts

B.

Lobes Lactiferous sinus

Serratus anteriormuscle

Fat

Signs and Symptoms •A lump ormass in thebreast •Change in shape or size of thebreast •Change in the skin, such as thickeningordimpling, scaly skin around thenipple, an orange-peel-like appearance, orulcers •Discharge from thenipple that occurswithout squeezing thenipple •Change in thenipple, such as itching,burning, erosion, or retraction • Swelling of the arm •Pain (with an advanced tumor) •Change in skin temperature or color (awarm,hot, orpink area)

Risk Factors for Breast Cancer

The cause of breast cancer isn’t known, but its higher incidence in women suggests that estrogen is a cause or contributing factor.Womenwhoareat increased risk include thosewho: •have a familyhistory ofbreast cancer in close relatives (mother, sister,daughter) •have a longmenstrualhistory (beganmenstruating at an early age or experiencedmenopause late) •havehad cancer in onebreast •havehadbreastbiopsy showing atypicalhyperplasia (increased cellproduction) •were firstpregnant after age 31 •haveneverbeenpregnant •were exposed to low-level ionizing radiation

Staging

Clinical Staging is apart of thepretreatment evaluation and isperformedbased onphysical exam and x-rays studies.The final (pathologic) stage isdeterminedbymicroscopic examination of thebiopsied tissue and axillary specimen to assess the size of the cancer and thepresence of lymphnode involvement, and thepossibility of systemicmetastasis (spread of cancer outside of thebreast and lymphnodes).Themost commonly used system is the Tumor-Nodes-Metastasis system (TNM) . T represents the tumor, N the lymphnode involvement, and M themetastasis if any.

Stage II T (5 cm or less in size) N (axillarymetastasisnon fixed) M (nometastasis)

OR

Stage I T (less than or equal to 2cm) N (no axillarymetastasis) M (nometastasis)

Stage IV T (any size) N (supra- or infraclavicularnodes) M (distantmetastasis)

Stage III T (greater than 5 cm) N (axillarymetastasisnon fixed or fixed) M (nometastasis)

T (any size larger than 2cm) N (no axillarymetastasis) M (nometastasis)

©2001, 2002, 2006, 2012

PublishedbyAnatomicalChartCompany,Skokie, IL | Medical illustrationsbyLianaBauman,MAMS, in consultationwithRuthO’Regan,M.D.,WilliamE.Burkel,PhD,UniversityofMichiganMedicalSchool andMonicaMorrowMD,FACS.

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