Tornetta Rockwood Children 9781975137298-

10

SECTION ONE • Fundamentals of Pediatric Fracture Care

Annotated References Reference

Annotation

Clark EM, Ness AR, Bishop NJ, et al. Association between bone mass and fractures in children: a prospective cohort study. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21:1489–1495. Garay M, Hess J, Armstrong D, et al. Pediatric ATV injuries in a statewide sample: 2004 to 2014. Pediatrics. 2017;140(2).

The largest prospective study on bone mass in nearly 6,000 children demonstrated low bone density as a risk factor for fractures in children.

Data over an 11-year period from a statewide trauma database was reviewed to report the incidence of ATV-related injuries, mortality rates, as well as associated fracture patterns. In a study of nearly 10,000 fracture events in children, known risk factors of age and sex were predictive of fracture incidence. The authors also found a lower rate of fractures in rural and less densely populated municipalities. Using the AO Pediatric Comprehensive Classification of Long Bone Fractures (PCCF) the morphologic patterns of over 2,700 upper- and lower-extremity fractures are presented along with age, sex, and injury data. Epidemiologic studies on pediatric fractures have been ongoing in the Swedish city of Malmö since 1950. This most recent report describes the fracture epidemiology including etiology comparing this to historical data and describes changes in age- and sex-adjusted pediatric fracture incidences to identify time trends independent of changing population demographics. Hoverboards, which are self-balancing, elevated motorized scooters, have recently been introduced as recreational devices to children and adolescents. This early report describes the increase in fractures especially of the upper extremity with falls associated with this device. A recent retrospective review from two trauma centers reports on 49 patients with 58 gunshot-associated fractures in the pediatric population. While nearly two-thirds of patient’s fractures were successfully managed nonoperatively, more than one-third required surgery to manage their fracture or associated complications. A longitudinal study of nearly 1,500 children with data collected on diet, activity, ethnicity, and body composition including DXA measures reported on risk factors for fracture. Skeletal age 10–14 and white race along with increased sports participation were some predictors of fracture risk in this population. 11. Clark EM, Ness AR, Bishop NJ, et al. Association between bone mass and fractures in children: a prospective cohort study. J Bone Miner Res . 2006;21:1489–1495. 12. Clark EM, Ness AR, Tobias JH. Bone fragility contributes to the risk of fracture in children, even after moderate and severe trauma. J Bone Miner Res . 2008;23:173– 179. 13. Clark EM, Tobias JH, Ness AR. Association between bone density and fractures in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics . 2006;117:e291–e297. 14. Clarke NM, Shelton FR, Taylor CC, et al. The incidence of fractures in chil- dren under the age of 24 months—in relation to non-accidental injury. Injury . 2012;43:762–765. 15. Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness and Committee in School Health. Orga- nized sports for children and preadolescents. Pediatrics . 2001;107:1459–1462. 16. Cooper C, Dennison EM, Leufkens HG, et al. Epidemiology of childhood fractures in Britain: a study using the general practice research database. J Bone Miner Res . 2004;19:1976–1981. 17. Council on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention Executive Committee. Fire- arm-related injuries affecting the pediatric population. Pediatrics . 2012;130:e1416– e1423. 18. Council on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention Executive Committee. All-ter- rain vehicle injury prevention: two-, three-, and four-wheeled unlicensed motor vehicles. Pediatrics . 2000;105:1352–1354. 19. Council on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention Executive Committee. Skate- board and scooter injuries. Pediatrics . 2002;109:542–543. 20. Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness. Trampoline safety in childhood and ado- lescence. Pediatrics . 2012;130:774–779.

Hedstrom EM, Waernbaum I. Incidence of fractures among children and adolescents in rural and urban communities: analysis based on 9,965 fracture events. Inj Epidemiol. 2014;1:14.

Joeris A, Lutz N, Wicki B, et al. An epidemiological evaluation of pediatric long bone fractures: a retrospective cohort study of 2716 patients from two Swiss tertiary pediatric hospitals. BMC Pediatr. 2014;14:314.

Lempesis V, Rosengren BE, Nilsson JA, et al. Time trends in pediatric fracture incidence in Sweden during the period 1950–2006. Acta Orthop . 2017;88:440–445.

Monteilh C, Patel P, Gaffney J. Musculoskeletal injuries associated with hoverboard use in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2017;56:909–911.

Naranje SM, Gilbert SR, Stewart MG, et al. Gunshot-associated fractures in children and adolescents treated at two level 1 pediatric trauma centers. J Pediatr Orthop. 2016;36:1–5.

Wren TA, Shepherd JA, Kalkwarf HJ, et al. Racial disparity in fracture risk between white and nonwhite children in the United States. J Pediatr. 2012;161:1035–1040.

REFERENCES 1. Aitken ME, Jaffe KM, DiScala C, et al. Functional outcome in children with multiple trauma without significant head injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1999;80:889–895. 2. Aitken SA, Biant LC, Court-Brown CM. Recreational mountain biking injuries. Emerg Med J . 2011;28:274–279. 3. Aleman KB, Meyers MC. Mountain biking injuries in children and adolescents. Sports Med . 2010;40:77–90. 4. Arslan H, Subasi M, Kesemenli C, et al. Problem fractures associated with gunshot wounds in children. Injury . 2002;33:743–749. 5. Audigé L, Slongo T, Lutz N, et al. The AO Pediatric Comprehensive Classification of Long Bone Fractures (PCCF). Acta Orthop . 2017;88:133–139. 6. Barlow B, Niemirska M, Gandhi RP, et al. Ten years of experience with falls from a height in children. J Pediatr Surg . 1983;18:509–511. 7. Buckley SL, Gotschall C, Robertson W Jr, et al. The relationships of skeletal injuries with trauma score, injury severity score, length of hospital stay, hospital charges, and mortality in children admitted to a regional pediatric trauma center. J Pediatr Orthop . 1994;14:449–453. 8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Nonfatal motor-vehicle-related backover injuries among children—United States, 2001–2003. MMWR Morb Mor- tal Wkly Rep . 2005;54:144–146. 9. Cheng JC, Ng BK, Ying SY, et al. A 10-year study of the changes in the pattern and treatment of 6,493 fractures. J Pediatr Orthop . 1999;19:344–350. 10. Cheng JC, Shen WY. Limb fracture pattern in different pediatric age groups: a study of 3,350 children. J Orthop Trauma . 1993;7:15–22.

Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of this content is prohibited.

LWBK1700-C01_p001-012.indd 10

05/12/18 5:18 PM