1st ICAI 2020

International Conference on Automotive Industry 2020

Mladá Boleslav, Czech Republic

MNEs as well suppliers (e.g. Hummels et al., 2011) or highly detailed product trade statistics (e.g. Yeats, 1998; Feenstra et al., 1998). However, even very detailed trade data (in parts and components) do not allow us to distinguish the origin of value added. The introduction of OECD-WTO Trade in Value added in 2013 and accompanying publication Inter-connected Economies (OECD, 2013) was a breakthrough, and since then even governmental bodies started using these new datasets (e.g. Dupress and Dresse, 2013). Apart from OECD-WTO TiVA, other datasets emerged, such as the EU commission initiative WIOD. The list of the most important ones can be found in table 1.

Table 1: List of input-output databases

Countries covered

Sectors covered

Database

Institution

Years covered

TiVA

OECD-WTO

2005–2015 2000–2014

64 43

36 56

WIOD European Commission

2004, 2007, 2011, 2014 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005

GTAP

Purdue University

121

65

13

76

IDE JETRO IDE-JETRO

EORA

UNCTAD

1990–2015

190

-

MRIO The Asian Development Bank 2000, 2017 35 Source: Asian Development Bank, 2018; Purdue University, 2019; IDE-JETRO, 2019; OECD- WTO, 2019; UNCTAD, 2019; WIOD, 2019 Before the introduction of TiVA and WIOD, mostly GTAP database has been used (e.g. Daudin et al., 2011). Now WIOD and TiVA are more widely used (e.g. de Backer and Miroudot, 2013; Antràs and De Gortari, 2017). Several papers using both TiVA and WIOD datasets (e.g. Baldwin and Lopez-Gonzales, 2013; Timmer et al., 2013), provided evidence of very small differences between these datasets. Apart from value chains analysis, these datasets are frequently used for mapping carbon emissions. New datasets allow us to build several indicators used for measuring GVCs. The most widespread is the GVC participation index. The participation index consists of two parts. The backward participation index measures the foreign value added share of gross exports (the share of foreign inputs in countries´ exports). The forward participation index measures the share of domestically produced inputs used in third countries’ exports. A good example is an automotive component produced in Czechia, exported to Germany, where it is built in a car, and this car is then exported to the United States. GVC participation index, mainly the backward participation is higher for small open economies that source more inputs from abroad. Commodities exporters such as Russian Federation or Saudi Arabia have a high forward participation index since these raw materials are a part of most products. Nonetheless, the United States also has a relatively high forward participation index due to activities such as design, RandD, or branding, which are at an early stage of almost all value chains. 62

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