Global Linkages
Climate change
The melting cryosphere
PACIFIC OCEAN
OKHOTSK SEA
BERING SEA
YUKON
KOLYMA
Alaska (USA)
MACKENZIE
LENA
BEAUFORT SEA
CANADA
ARCTIC OCEAN
RUSSIA
NELSON
North Pole
YENISEY
HUDSON BAY
OB
BAFFIN BAY
Novaya Zemlya (Russia)
Greenland (Denmark)
Svalbard (Norway)
BARENTS SEA
PECHORA
NORWEGIAN SEA
SEVERNAYA DVINA
ICELAND
FINLAND
SWEDEN
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Faroe Islands (Denmark)
NORWAY
Changes in glacier extent
Changes in sea ice extent
Median ice edge in autumn for the period 1981-2010 Sea ice extent in September 1981 Sea ice extent in September 2018
Main glaciers and Greenland ice sheet Retreat of glaciers Freshwater input
Retreat of sea ice Freshwater input
Discharge of main rivers at mouth
590 km 3 /y
300 km 3 /y
120 km 3 /y
Changes in snow cover
Area where seasonal snow cover was 2–3 weeks shorter in the period 2005–2015 compared to 1980–1990
Main marine transport routes during summer
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Global Linkages
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