New Technologies in International Law / Tymofeyeva, Crhák et al.

possible influence on human rights and accountability. The manuscript examines the evolution of international human rights law, including the recognition of the right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment in 2022, and evaluates whether current or proposed international norms regulating AI consider this newly acknowledged right. She is followed by Juraj Panigaj , who addresses the intricate relationship between technology and international legal protection of biological diversity. The paper provides insights into the potential contributions, challenges, and risks associated with technology in the context of international environmental law while also putting existing treaty law under scrutiny and considering the adaptability of legal frameworks to rapid technological advancement. The chapter is rounded up by Charles Ross Bird , who focuses on the prohibition of national appropriation in outer space, exploring the current legal landscape, including the Artemis Accords. Based on interpretation of Article 2 of the Outer Space Treaty through the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, he arrives to the conclusion that national appropriation only applies to states rather than private actors. The assorted Chapter IV, Region-specific Issues, is divided in three parts. In the first section, Pavlína Krausová explores the transformative role of technology in the tax administrations of developing countries amid the global shift towards digital economies. She demonstrates how modern digital tax systems can not only improve revenue collection and compliance but also contribute to equitable taxation and sustainable development and concludes that the integration of tax and technology in terms of revenue collection should be mindful of protecting individual taxpayers’ rights, especially in the realm of cyber-security. The second, provided by Oshokha Caleb Ilegogie, focuses on the intersection of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and healthcare and potential benefits and issues of implementing such a system in developing countries. He emphasises the need for collaboration among policymakers, healthcare professionals, and technology experts to establish a proper regulation of AI to ensure it contributes to a just promotion of the right to health while addressing potential risks. Finally, Nikolas Sabján examines how new technologies and digitalization have affected sanctions law, specifically focusing on EU cyber sanctions as a specific response to digitalization. He provides an analysis of the EU cyber sanctions regime, discusses international legal aspects, particularly immunity law, and reflects critically on recent academic work in the field, concluding with insights into the consequences of digitalization on sanctions law. Chapter V, Cyber-crimes, also follows a three-part structure. The chapter opens with the contribution of Robert Łasa , who examines the difficulties in prosecuting individuals for war crimes committed in cyberspace, focusing on the absence of specific legal rules and effective mechanisms for criminal proceedings. He differentiates between state-affiliated units and private individuals, highlighting the challenge of holding hackers accountable when acting under state supervision during armed conflicts. The duo co contributors, Marek Gerle & Adam Crhák, focus on the significance of the Tallinn Manual in shaping discourse on self-defense and protecting critical infrastructure. They explain the Manual’s interpretations of UN Charter Article 2(4) and Article 51 through a comparative analysis which also considers relevant state positions and emerging customary norms. In the third part, Szymon Skalski provides a critical examination

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