New Technologies in International Law / Tymofeyeva, Crhák et al.

of the current approaches to combating cybercrime, emphasizing the limitations of traditional paradigms in adapting to the dynamic nature of cyber threats. It highlights the shortcomings of enumerating specific offenses and advocates for a shift towards dynamic adaptable legal structures that can quickly respond to new risks posed by the cyberspace. The penultimate Chapter VI, Cyber-security, and Cyber-defense , explores two currently discussed topics. Agata Starkowska introduces the first topic, where she examines the consequences of violations of international norms in cybersecurity on the case study of the ongoing armed conflict in Ukraine. She further evaluates the sanctions imposed on Russia for breaching cyber-security obligations through an analysis of UN Charter provisions and reports from UN working groups. Predicting the future role of cyberattacks in modern warfare and the effectiveness of international law in countering cybercrime, she concludes with insights on Poland’s stance and the role of the Cybersec Forum. Secondly, Michał Byczyński’s part concerns infodemia , a phenomenon of quickly spreading false information and deceptive claims that was amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic. Michał elaborates on its impact on human rights and possible strategies for promoting trustworthy information in the public sphere. He further advocates for information hygiene, emphasising the role of international law in combating infodemia with potential utility of AI and machine learning in identifying and countering misinformation. The collective monograph is concluded with Chapter VII, Human rights , which consists of three contributions. In the first, Foto Pappa addresses the potential societal impact of digital agriculture, highlighting concerns about power asymmetries and inequalities among farmers. She emphasises the necessity of measures such as their involvement in the decision-making to preemptively address risks and proposes examining the human right to science, research, and innovation. Veronika D’Evereux follows with an examination of Israel’s National Artificial Intelligence plan while outlining the legal challenges associated with AI use in the public sector. She explains the issues with the absence of universally accepted legal rules for AI usage, particularly in addressing human rights concerns related to terrorism and security threats. Finally, Aphrodite Papachristodoulou takes an in-depth look at the irregular migration by sea in the Mediterranean and a deadly shipwreck near Pylos, Greece and its human rights implications. She takes a critical stance towards the perceived shift to digital border management, arguing that it exacerbates human rights violations and argues for the adoption of a human rights-based approach to the use of technologies in external border management.

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