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section Environment, biological diversity and risk
management of a planning document for 2021. The
country has defined five priority sectors: water;
agriculture; fishery; forestry; and health, based upon
scientific evidence and consultations with relevant
actors in each sector, subnational authorities and
civil society.
27
Funding for climate change management at the
national level comes chiefly from the government
itself, although international donations cover
a small part. In 2011, the total budget for 88
programmes was about US$ 809 million, of which
49 per cent was funded directly by the government,
34 per cent as loans from international agencies
(which will also by paid by the government), and 17
per cent through official development cooperation
(Pereira et al., 2014). The last decade has seen
several adaptation projects in different sectors
supported through international cooperation (e.g.
PACC, IPACC, Glaciares 513, IMACC, TACC,
EbA Montaña, PRAA, PROCLIM, AMICAF and
Humboldt).
These projects have aimed to strengthen institutions,
implement pilot projects for adaptation and develop
financial mechanisms and scientific research (Ibid).
Adaptation measures to address key
vulnerabilities and risks
The key risks and vulnerabilities from climate
change were presented in Chapter 2.
28
Although
it would be expected that countries use this
information for designing policies for climate
change adaptation, the use of scientific evidence
to support and guide policymaking is generally
weak because of the underdeveloped science-
policy interface. This is particularly problematic
at the local level of government where adaptation
measures addressing the climate challenges for each
community must finally be specified. Policymaking
responds to pressures from non-scientific realms
(e.g. lobbyists) and the insufficient participation of
experts in decision-making processes (Sutcliffe and
Court, 2005).
Water resources policy analysis
In
Bolivia
, water availability is an issue for many
communities. It has therefore been prioritized under
the Framework Law of Mother Earth and Integral
Development for Living Well No. 300
29
and included
in the Plurinational Policy and Plan of Climate
Change for Living Well. Article 27° (Water) of this
law sets priorities for the integrated management
of water resources, including 13 lines of action,
although only two are specific to climate change
adaptation (Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional de
Bolivia, 2012). Being a framework law, it still requires
lowel level and more specific legislation in order to
be implemented. The 2025 Bicentennial Patriotic
Agenda also has specific objectives and strategies
programmes that focus on water, but neither
mentions climate change or mountains specifically.
Colombia
’s National Policy for Integrated Water
Resource Management 2010–2022 (Ministerio de
Medio Ambiente, 2010)
30
recognizes the impacts of
climate change on water management (e.g. through
flood risk and water availability). The policy’s main
objective is to have an integrated management of
risks related to water supply. It proposes:
• the generation and dissemination of information
on the potential climate change risks to water
resource availability (strategy 4.1);
• the incorporation of water supply and availability
risk management into the planning instruments
(strategy 4.2); and
• mitigation and adaptation measures to reduce the
risks resulting from climate variability and climate
change (strategy 4.3) (Ministerio de Ambiente,
VyDT, 2010).
The development of adaptation measures is
important for water regulation for ecosystems
and important economic sectors. Consequently,
Colombia has developed the Project for Adaptation
to the Impacts of Receding Glaciers in the Tropical
Andes (PRAA). This initiative aims partly to generate
data to reduce vulnerability and improve risk
analysis of changing water availability. Moreover, the
Colombian Government has analysed hydrological
cycles and glacier retreat in the high mountains.
Colombia
2
3
1
3
3
3
Peru
3
2
2
2
4
3
Ecuador
3
2
1
2
3
2
Bolivia
3
4
3
3
2
2
Summary of the assessment of national policy instruments per country
Funding
Adaptation targets
Multisectoral articulation
Implementation tools
Mountain adaptation
Adaptation programmes
1: Existent and sufficient, 2: Existent but insufficient/planned but not implemented; 3: General mention; 4: Non-existent.