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Challenges for Diagnosis &
Characterisation
Serum PSA:
15-30% men with
prostate cancer have
normal PSA
Abnormal PSA ≠ cancer:
7 of 10 no cancer present
Systematic biopsies:
Miss up to 20-30% of
cancers
Underestimates tumour
aggressiveness in >20-
30% of cases
Distinguishing aggressive (Rx: Definitive treatment)
from indolent tumours (Rx: Surveillance) remains a challenge