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Risk Factors for nipple necrosis
Large US series of 500 cases, (Coldwell et al 2013)
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Nipple necrosis 4.4 percent
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Risk Factors for nipple or skin necrosis:
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Smoking (OR, 3.3)
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Periareolar incisions (OR, 3.63)
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Increasing body mass index (OR, 1.154)
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Preoperative irradiation (OR, 4.86).
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Inframammary fold incision decreased complications (OR, 0.018)