204 / 462
GAZETTE
JUNE 1992
13. Case 152/84,
Marshall
-v-
Southampton and South-west
Hampshire Area Health Authority
[1986] ECR 723 at para 48.
14. See Case 190/87,
Oberkreisdirektor
des Kreises Borken
-v-
Handelsonderneming
Moormann BV,
[1988] ECR 4689, at paras. 21-24.
15. Case C-213/89,
Regina
-v-
Secretary
of State for Transport ex parte
Factortame Ltd,
[1990] ECR I -
2433; Joined Cases 143/88 & 92/89,
Zuckerfabrik Siiderdithmarschen
AG
-v-
Hauptzollamt Itzehoe
and
Zuckerfabrik Soest GmbH
-v-
Hauptzollamt Paderborn,
[1991]
ECR 1-415. For discussion of these
cases see Collins, "The Availability
of Interim Relief in National Courts
to Uphold Community Law Rights",
[1992] IJEL50.
16. Case C-208/90,
Emmott
-v-
Minister
for Social Welfare,
25 July 1991, not
yet reported.
17. Joined Cases C-6 «St 9/90,
Francovich & Bonifaci
-v-
Italy,
19
November 1991, not yet reported.
18. Council Directive 79/7 of 19
December 1978 (OJ 1979, L 6/24).
Art. 8(1) gave Member States the
relatively generous time limit of six
years to comply with the directive.
19. Case 286/85.
McDermott & Cotter -
v-
Minister for Social Welfare & the
Attorney General,
[1987] ECR 1453,
at paras. 10-16.
20. Case C-377/89,
McDermott & Cotter
-v-
Minister for Social Welfare & the
Attorney General,
[1991 [ ECR 1-1155
at paras. 18-22, 24.
21. No. 14 of 1985.
22. Rules of the Superior Courts, 1986,
O. 84, r. 21 (1). See Collins &
O'Reilly,
Civil Proceedings and the
State in Ireland: a Practitioner's
Guide,
(Dublin, 1990), at paras.
4.32-4.34.
23. Opinion of Mischo AG, delivered 23
April 1991, at para. 38.
24. Case 33/76,
Rewe
-v-
Landwirtschaftskammer
Saarland,
[1976] ECR 1989, at para. 5. See
also Case 45/76,
Comet
-v-
Produktschap voor Siergewassen,
[1976] ECR 2043, at para. 12.
25. Case 199/82,
Amministrazione
delle
Finanze dello Stato
-v-
San Giorgio
SpA,
[1983] ECR 3595, at para. 12.
26. See Case 45/76,
Comet, op. cit.,
at
paras. 13 and 16; Case 130/79
Express Dairy Foods Ltd
-v-
Intervention Board for Agricultural
Products
[1980] ECR 1887, at para.
12; Case 826/79
Amministrazione
delle Finanze dello Stato
-v-
MIRECO
[1980] ECR 2559, at para.
13; Case 811/79
Amministrazione
delle Finanze dello Stato
-v-
Ariete
[1980] ECR 2545, at para. 12; Case
158/80
Rewe
-v-
Hauptzollamt Kiel
[1981] ECR 1805, at para. 44.
27. Judgment of the Court, at paras.
16-17.'
28. Judgment of the Court, at paras.
18-19.
29. Judgment of the Court, at paras.
21t23.
30. Opinion of Mischo AG, delivered 28
May 1991, at para. 1.
31. on the approximation of the laws of
the Member States relating to the
protection of employees in the event
of the insolvency of their employer
(OJ, L 283/23) see, in particular,
recital 5 thereof.
32. Case 22/87,
Commission
-v-
Italy,
[1989] ECR 143, where the Court
referred to Art. 11 of the directive.
Italy took no subsequent steps to
comply with its obligations. See
Opinion of Mischo AG, at
para. 3.
33. Case 148/78,
Pubblico Ministero
-v-
Ratti,
at para. 23; Case 8/81,
Becker
-v-
Finanzamt
Miinster-Innenstadt,
at para. 25; Case C-221/88,
European Coal & Steel Community -
v-
Faillite Acciaierie e ferriere
Busseni SpA,
[1990] ECR I - 495, at
para. 22.
34. Opinion of Mischo AG, at para. 8;
judgment of the Court, at para. 12.
35. Opinion of Mischo AG, at paras.
27-31; judgment of the Court, at
paras. 23-26.
36. which,
inter alia
, obliges Member
States to "take all appropriate
measures, whether general or
particular, to ensure fulfilment of
the obligations arising out of this
TVeaty or resulting from action taken
by the institutions of the
Community."
37. "A directive shall be binding, as to
the result to be achieved, upon each
Member State to which it is
addressed, but shall leave to the
national authorities the choice of
form and methods."
38. Opinion of Mischo AG, at para. 33.
39. Judgment of the Court, at paras. 31
& 32.
40. Judgment of the Court, at para. 33.
41. Judgment of the Court, at paras.
34-35.
42. Judgment of the Court, at paras.
36-37.
43. Judgment of the Court, at para. 38.
44. Judgment of the Court, at paras.
39-40.
45. Judgment of the Court, at paras.
42-44.
46. Judgment of the Court, at paras.
45-47.
47. Council Directive 85/374 of 25 July
1985 on the approximation of the
laws, regulations and administrative
provisions of the Member States
concerning liability for defective
products (OJ, L 210/29).
48. The Commission commenced Art.
169 proceedings against Ireland; case
1C-192/91,
Commission
-v-
Ireland.
49. Case 152/84,
Marshall
-v-
Southampton & South-West
Hampshire Area Health Authority,
[1986] ECR 723, at paras. 46-48;
Case c-188/89,
Foster
-v-
British Gas
pic,
[1990] ECR I - 3313, at paras.
16-20. For commentary on these
cases see Curtin, "The province of
government; delimiting the direct
effect of directives in the common
law context" (1990)
15 ELRev.
195;
Prechal, "Remedies after
Marshall,"
(1990)
27 CMLRev.
451.
50. see the foreword to Curtin,
Irish
Employment Equality Law,
(Dublin,
1989), at pp. xviii-xix. "The
Constitution and the Communities
- scope for Stress?" in O'Reilly ed.
Human Rights and Constitutional
Law: Essays in Honour of Brian
Walsh,
(Dublin, 1992) at pp 233-4.
51. In
Pesca Valentia
-v-
Minister for
Fisheries & Forestry,
[1985] IR 193,
the Supreme Court granted an
interlocutory order to suspend the
application of Irish law on the
ground that its provisions might
conflict with Community law. This
was about five years before the
Court of Justice gave judgment in
Factortame I.
52. It was pointed out in Case 45/76,
Comet,
at paras. 13-15, that Arts.
100 to 102 and 235 of the EEC
TVeaty enable appropriate steps to be
taken to eliminate differences in the
laws of the Member States which
would impede the exercise of rights
at Community law. In general, the
Treaties will not bear an
interpretation which might encourage
the non-observance of Community
law; see Case 173/73,
Italy
-v-
Commission,
[1974] ECR 709, at
para. 8.
53. Contrast the approach of the Court
in these two cases with that adopted
in
Factortame I.
54. Case C-271/91,
Marshall
-v- .
Southampton & South West
Hampshire Area Health Authority,
reference from the House of Lords,
14 October, 1991.
55. Council Directive 76/207 of 9
February 1976 on the
implementation of the principle of
equal treatment for men and women
as regards access to employment,
vocational training and promotion
and working conditions (OJ, L
39/40).
56. The provision of the directive at
issue, Art. 6, does not have direct
effect: Case 14/83,
Von Colson &
Kamann
-v-
Land Nordrhein
Westfalen.
[1984] ECR 1891, at para.
27.
57. On this topic see also Schwarze,
"Tendencies Towards a Common
Administrative Law in Europe,"
(1991)
16 ELRev. 3.
180