216 / 220
Table 4.
PPI and H2RA usage and patient OS and time to recurrence
Characteristics
OS univariate
OS Multivariable
Recur univariate
Recur multivariable
PPI Usage
Yes
0.55 (0.42
–
0.73)
0.55 (0.40
–
0.74)
0.83 (0.60
–
1.14)
0.71 (0.50
–
1.01)
No
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
P
<
0.0001
<
0.0001
0.39
0.06
H2RA Usage
Yes
0.74 (0.55
–
1.00)
0.67 (0.47
–
0.95)
1.02 (0.73
–
1.42)
0.90 (0.61
–
1.34)
No
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
P
0.0479
0.02
0.92
0.61
Gender
Male
1.14 (0.82
–
1.59)
1.30 (0.90
–
1.88)
1.09 (0.74
–
1.61)
0.94 (0.62
–
1.42)
Female
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
P
0.42
0.16
0.68
0.75
Primary tumor site
OC
1.43 (1.02
–
2.00)
2.44 (1.50
–
3.96)
1.26 (0.84
–
1.87)
1.90 (1.12
–
3.23)
HP, LAR
1.43 (0.99
–
2.06)
1.43 (0.94
–
2.18)
1.35 (0.90
–
2.02)
1.45 (0.92
–
2.29)
NP, other, unknown
0.86 (0.50
–
1.47)
1.11 (0.62
–
2.00)
0.73 (0.38
–
1.43)
1.03 (0.50
–
2.13)
OP
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
P
0.05
0.004
0.22
0.08
Stage
Late
1.65 (1.09
–
2.49)
1.59 (0.97
–
2.60)
1.79 (1.10
–
2.94)
1.14 (0.65
–
1.98)
Early
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
P
0.02
0.07
0.02
0.65
Smoking status
Never
0.44 (0.30
–
0.66)
0.51 (0.33
–
0.79)
0.42 (0.26
–
0.67)
0.48 (0.29
–
0.79)
Former
0.72 (0.53
–
0.98)
0.62 (0.44
–
0.88)
0.80 (0.57
–
1.14)
0.73 (0.49
–
1.07)
Current-quit within 1 month
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
P
0.0002
0.003
0.002
0.01
Education some college
HS or less
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Some college or more
0.72 (0.54
–
0.96)
0.83 (0.61
–
1.13)
0.78 (0.56
–
1.09)
0.92 (0.64
–
1.31)
P
0.02
0.24
0.14
0.64
County median income from census
30,000 or below
1.61 (1.05
–
2.47)
1.16 (0.71
–
1.90)
1.70 (1.05
–
2.75)
1.36 (0.79
–
2.33)
Above 30,000
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
P
0.03
0.55
0.03
0.27
Treatment
Surgery only
0. 56 (0.33
–
0.96)
0.39 (0.20
–
0.78)
0.16 (0.06
–
0.44)
0.12 (0.04
–
0.35)
Radiation only
0.26 (0.08
–
0.83)
0.22 (0.06
–
0.74)
0.08 (0.01
–
0.55)
0.07 (0.01
–
0.51)
Surgery
þ
radiation
1.13 (0.74
–
1.73)
0.56 (0.34
–
0.93)
0.67 (0.40
–
1.25)
0.44 (0.24
–
0.80)
Radiation
þ
chemotherapy
1.05 (0.76
–
1.45)
0.96 (0.66
–
1.39)
0.71 (0.50
–
1.01)
0.75 (0.50
–
1.12)
Radiation
þ
chemotherapy
þ
surgery
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
P
0.03
0.009
0.0004
<
0.0001
Age, y
10-year increase
1.43 (1.26
–
1.62)
1.60 (1.38
–
1.86)
1.02 (1.01
–
1.04)
1.03 (1.01
–
1.05)
P
<
0.0001
<
0.0001
0.006
0.0004
NOTE: OS and time to recurrence were analyzed using log-rank for univariate analysis and Cox proportional hazards models for multivariate analysis. All statistical analyses were done
in SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute). A two-tailed
P
0.05 or less was considered statistically signi
fi
cant. HR followed by the 95% CI values between parentheses are provided.
Abbreviations: HP, hypopharynx; HS, high school; LA, larynx; NP, nasopharynx; OC, oral cavity, OP, oropharynx; Recur, time to recurrence.
Papagerakis et al.
Cancer Prev Res;
7(12) December
2014
Cancer Prevention Research
196