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KICK THE HABIT
THE PROBLEM
30
If you want to reduce
greenhouse gases
, it helps to know where on Earth
they come from. So what are some of the obvious ways of emitting GHGs
that we may all be involved in, probably without even realising it? Here are
some of the really glaring ones.
Energy for...
Energy is involved in just about everything we do. Depending on the
source
of the energy, the efficiency of its use and the waste created in the process,
its use and production emits from zero to enormous amounts of GHGs.
Energy generation is the single most important activity resulting in GHG emis-
sions, in particular because most of it is produced from fossil fuels such as oil,
gas and coal, the latter being mainly used to generate electricity. Coal, par-
ticularly brown coal (also called lignite), is the energy source with the highest
GHG emissions per energy unit. Burning coal generates 70 per cent more CO
2
than natural gas for every unit of energy. At the same time, coal is cheap and
is the most widely available fossil fuel. According to the World Coal Institute, it
is present in almost every country, with commercial mining in over 50. It is also
the fossil fuel with the longest predicted availability. At current production levels
coal will be available for at least 155 more years (compared with 41 years for oil
and 65 for gas).
But current production levels will not remain static. While coal use is falling in
Western Europe it is rising in Asia and the United States. The Asia-Pacific region
will be the main coal market – with 58 per cent of global coal consumption by 2025
– if current trends continue. The region is home to the largest consumer (China),
the largest exporter (Australia) and the largest importer (Japan) of coal globally.
International commitments, the progress of new technologies such as Carbon
Capture and Storage (CCS, see page 88) and increased efficiency of power grids,
industrial processes and so on are all ways to reduce coal-related GHG emissions.
But ultimately the challenge is to develop a clean, widely available and affordable
alternative to satisfy the world’s energy needs (see page 144).
The greenhouse effect is an important mechanism of temperature regulation. The
Earth returns energy received from the sun to space by reflecting light and emit-
ting heat. Part of the out-going heat flow is absorbed by greenhouse gases and
re-irradiated back to the Earth. Though they occur naturally, human activities
have significantly increased their presence in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases
vary considerably in amounts emitted, but also in their warming effect and in the
length of time they remain in the atmosphere as active warming agents.