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35

reefs may not recover from future bleaching events as a result of

overgrowth of algae, eutrophication and destruction from waves

and storms.

Furthermore, the combined cumulative effects of coastal overfish-

ing, marine pollution and coastal development may impact the

long-term productivity of the coastal zone. This, in turn, may lower

the capacity of these systems to support human livelihoods in the

coastal zone. This challenge requires effective integrated landuse

planning including fisheries, tourism and costal infrastructure

development, such as promoted by ICARBM (Integrated Coastal

Area and River Basin Management). More than ever, the future

sustainability of these regions will require an implementation of

effective combined programmes in the short-term.