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reefs may not recover from future bleaching events as a result of
overgrowth of algae, eutrophication and destruction from waves
and storms.
Furthermore, the combined cumulative effects of coastal overfish-
ing, marine pollution and coastal development may impact the
long-term productivity of the coastal zone. This, in turn, may lower
the capacity of these systems to support human livelihoods in the
coastal zone. This challenge requires effective integrated landuse
planning including fisheries, tourism and costal infrastructure
development, such as promoted by ICARBM (Integrated Coastal
Area and River Basin Management). More than ever, the future
sustainability of these regions will require an implementation of
effective combined programmes in the short-term.