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and material.
To ensure an acceptable accuracy
and resolution, detection and false
alarm rate of the radar system for
these functional tests, targets have
to be generated over the entire
unambiguous range, unambiguous
radial velocity interval and azimuth/
elevation coverage with different
radar cross sections.
Traditional solutions, such as fibre
optical delay lines (FODL) or digital
radio frequency memory (DRFM),
all have their advantages, but also
drawbacks such as being specifically
designed for only this purpose.
COTS measuring equipment can
overcome such disadvantages with
the ability to perform multiple test
and measurement tasks.
Traditional radar target
generators
FODLs are relatively flexible, phase
coherent and small systems that
convert the RF signal of the radar to
optical and delay it by means of a
fibre optical line of a certain length.
The signal is then reconverted to RF
and retransmitted to the radar. Some
systems are also able to introduce
Doppler frequency shift.
FODLs offer constant delay
versus frequency, are immune to
vibration, are largely resistant to
electromagnetic interference, and
fibre delays do not radiate energy.
Repeatability of simulation, low
system cost and time-savings
are key advantages. Tests where
excellent close-in carrier phase noise
performance is necessary, such as
the fixed target suppression (FTS)
test, can be performed very well.
However, FODLs cannot generate
time-variant range-Doppler targets,
nor do they offer continuous
range settings or arbitrary signal
attenuation and gain.
Unlike optical delay lines, DRFMs
manipulate the radar signal digitally
– down-converting, filtering and
digitising the received RF signal
before storing and modifying it.
Signals are then reconverted to
analogue, and mixed to RF frequency
using the same local oscillator (LO)
used for down-conversion. A final
amplification and retransmission
finalises the processing chain.
Developed
for
electronic
countermeasures
in
military
applications, DRFMs that create false
targets to mislead the enemys radar
and can also be used to simulate
real targets for test purposes.
Naturally, there is scant commercial
and public information available
about this classified technology. It
is nevertheless known that these
systems can cover frequencies up to
40 GHz, offer up to 12-bit digitisation
with up to 1.4 GHz of instantaneous
bandwidth, up to –65 dBc spurious-
free dynamic range with a minimum
delay of several dozen ns. Technical
constraints limit the ability to combine
all these specifications in a single
DRFM. Typically, wide bandwidth
means a trade-off in signal fidelity or
Fig. 1: Simplified block diagram of a fibre optical delay line (FODL)
Fig. 2: Simplified block diagram of a DRFM system
New-Tech Magazine Europe l 17