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270
Wiley lFRS: Practical Implementation Guide and Workbook
(c) An investment in a convertible debt instrument that is classified as available for sale contains an
embedded equity conversion option. Because the bond is not measured at fair value with
changes in fair value recognized in profit or loss and an equity conversion option is not closely
related to a host debt contract, the embedded derivative is separated and accounted for as a de–
rivative.
(d) A lease contract that has a rent adjustment clause based on inflation contains an embedded
derivative on inflation. However, the embedded derivative is not separated from the lease con–
tract because a rent adjustment clause based on inflation is considered to be closely related to
the host lease contract.
(e) An issued convertible debt instrument contains an embedded equity conversion option. How–
ever, the equity conversion option generally is not accounted for as a derivative but is separated
as an equity component in accordance with lAS 32 and accounted for as own equity.
7.1.7 Interpretation 9,
Reassessment of Embedded Derivatives,
of the Intern ational Finan cial Re–
porting Interpretation s Committee cl arifies that an entity is required to assess whether an embedded
derivative is required to be separated and accounted for as a derivative when the entity first
becomes a party to the contract that cont ains the potenti al embedded derivat ive. Th e entity is
precluded from subsequently reassessing whether the contract contains an embedded derivative
unless there is a change in the terms of the contrac t that significantly modifies the cas h flows that
otherwise wo uld be required under the contrac t.
8. HEDGE ACCOUNTING
Hedgin g is a risk management technique that invo lves using one or more derivatives or other
hedgin g instruments to offset changes in fair value or cas h flows of one or more assets, liabilities,
or fut ure transactions. lAS 39 contains spec ial acco unting principles for hedging activi ties . When
certa in conditions are met, entities are permitted to depart from some of the ordinary acco unting
requirements and instead apply
hedge accounting
to assets and liabil ities that form part of hedging
relati onships. These requirements are optional (i.e., entiti es are not required to apply hedge ac–
counting unless they decide to do so). Th e effect of hedge accounting is that ga ins and losses on the
hedgin g instrument and the hedged item are recogn ized in the same periods (i.e., ga ins and losses
are matched ).
8.1
Hedging Relationships
8.1.1 A
hedging relationship
has two comp onents:
(I)
A
hedging instrument.
A hedging instrument is a derivative or, for a hedge of the risk of
changes in foreign curre ncy exchange rates, a nonderiv ative financial asse t or nonderiva–
tive financial liability. To be designated as a hedging instrument, the fair value or cas h
flows of the hedging instrument should be expected to offset changes in the fair value or
cash flows of the hedged item . In addition, the hedging instrumen t must be with an ex ternal
part y (i.e ., an intern al derivative with another division does not qualify as a hedging in–
strume nt) and not be a written opt ion (or net writt en option).
(2) A
hedged item.
A hedged item is an asset, liability, firm commitme nt, highl y probable
forecast transact ion , or net inves tment in a foreign operation. To be designated as a hedged
item, the de signated hedged item should expose the entity to risk of changes in fair value or
future cas h flows.
8.1.2 lAS 39 identi fies three types of hedging relationship s:
(I )
Fair value hedges
(2) Cas h flow hedges
(3) Hedges of a net investmen t in a fore ign ope ration
8.2
Accounting Treatment
Hedge accounting link s the acco unting for
(I )
the hedging instrument and (2) the hedged item to
allow offs etting changes in fair value or cas h flows to be recogn ized in the financia l statements in
same time periods. Generally, hedge accounting involves either one of these two accounting treat–
ments: