Order Essential Resources from Anatomical Chart Company Today!
New and updated charts to keep your patient education current!
New
Edition!
New
Edition!
B.
A.
C.
CHOLESTEROL
MADEBYYOURBODY (LIVER)
Understanding
High Cholesterol
What isHighCholesterol?
Cholesterol isawaxy, fat-like substance found inallofyourbody’s cells.Cholesterol comes from two sources,yourbodyandyour
food.Cholesterol ismade in the liver andother cells and is also found in food from animals, likedairyproducts, eggs, andmeat.
You can endupwithhigh cholesterolbecauseof the foodsyou eatand the rateatwhichyourbodybreaksdown cholesterol.Your
body needs a certain amount of cholesterol to build andmaintain cells, but toomuch or too little cholesterol can create amajor
health risk.Extracholesterolcanbuilduponyourarterywallsandover time,cholesteroldeposits,calledplaque,maynarrowyour
arteries causing lessbloodflowor form a clot,puttingyou at risk forheartdisease,heart attack and stroke.
Whatare theDifferentTypesofCholesterol?
Cholesterol must travel through the bloodstream to get to your cells. Because
cholesterol is a fat, it separates from blood like oil fromwater, to keep this from
happening; cholesterol attaches to a protein. The combination of cholesterol and
other lipids (fats andphyospholipds)withprotein is called a lipoprotein.Although
there is only one type of cholesterol, there are several types of lipoproteins that
transport cholesterol. Blood tests for cholesterol generally provide results for the
following typesof lipoproteins:
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)BADCHOLESTEROL
•Called “bad cholesterol”becausehigh levels can lead toheartdisease and stroke.
•Transports cholesterol fromyou liver to the cells thatneed it.
LeftoverLDLs that arenotneeded release their cholesterol into theblood.
High-density lipoproteins (HDL)GOODCHOLESTEROL
•Called“good cholesterol”becausehigh levels reduce the risk for
heartdiseaseand stroke.
•Scientists think thatHDLhelpsget ridofbad cholesterol in theblood.
HDLpicksup extra cholesterol and carries it to the liver,which then
flushes it from thebody.
Triglycerides
•Arenot cholesterol,butare adifferent typeof fat.Excess calories,
alcohol,or sugarsare converted into triglycerides and stored in fat cells
throughout thebody.
•High levels can raise the risk forheartdisease.
•Areoftenpartofablood testdoctorsdo to check cholesterol levels.
RisksofHighCholesterol
Cholesterol plays a big part in the development of atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis is thebuildupof fattydeposits includingcholesterol,
on the inner lining of arteries. This buildup (called plaque) may
narrow the arteries causing adecrease in bloodflow or a blood clot
maydevelopwhich can clog or block the artery.As a result of this,
cholesterolmay increase the risk of heartdisease, stroke, and other
vasculardiseases.
WhatCausesHighCholesterol?
•Eating anunhealthydiet
–
with toomuch saturated fat, trans fat,and cholesterol.Saturated fat and cholesterolare in foods
that come fromanimals, suchasmeats,wholemilk, eggyolks,butter,and cheese.Trans fat is found
in fried foodsandpackaged foods, suchas cookies, crackers,and chips.
•Excessbodyweight
•Lackofphysicalactivity
•Age
–
menover age45 andwomenover55 areathigher risk.
•Gender
–
men aremoreprone tohigh cholesterol thanwomen—untilwomen reach 50 to55when
naturally-occurring cholesterol levels inwomen increase.
•Familyhistory
–
somepeoplehaveageneticpredisposition tohigh cholesterol.Genespasseddown fromboth sides
ofyour familiesmay causeyourbody tomake toomuchor too little cholesterol.
•Somediseases
–
diabetes, thyroiddisease,metabolicdiseaseandothers.
•Cigarette smoking
•Certainmedicines
–
thiazidediuretics,beta-blockers, retinoids, estrogenand corticosteroids.
Prevention andManagement
• Get regular cholesterol screenings:
Thefirst step inpreventinghigh cholesterolandultimately,heartdisease,heart attackor
stroke is toget a simpleblood test to checkyour cholesterol levels.Healthyadults should
have this testdone everyfiveyears. Ifyou are at increased risk forheartdiseaseor ifyou
areamanover 45or awomanover55,yourdoctormighthaveyou testedmoreoften.
• Adopt ahealthier lifestyle including:
–
regularaerobic exercise
–
don’t smoke
–
maintainahealthyweight
–
eat anutritiousdiet low in saturated fat and cholesterol
• LowerLDL levels
Clinical trialshavedemonstrated that loweringLDLcholesterol
hasmanybenefits and saves lives.
• Take cholesterolmedications, ifprescribedby ahealthpractitioner
Evenafter adoptingahealthier lifestyle,your cholesterol level
maynot reach targetandamedicationmaybe required.
WhatLevelsofCholesterol areHealthy?
Knowingyour cholesterol levels is an importantpartofunderstandingyourown risk forheartdisease.Todeterminehowmuch cholesterol is inyourbody,yourdoctorwillgiveyouablood test
(also called a lipidprofileorpanel).Cholesterol levels aremeasured inmilligrams (
mg
)of cholesterolperdeciliter (dL)ofblood in theUnitedStates and someother countries.Thegeneralguidelines
belowwillhelpyouunderstandyour cholesterol test results.
200-239mg/dL–borderlinehigh
240mg/dLand above–high
Apersonwith this levelhasmore than twice the riskofheartdisease
as someonewhose cholesterol isbelow 200mg/dL.
100-129mg/dL–nearor abovedesirable
130-159mg/dL–borderlinehigh
160- 189mg/dL–high
190mg/dLandup -veryhigh
ThemoreLDL there is in theblood, thegreater the riskofheartdisease.
LDLcholesterol canbuildupon thewallsofyour arteries andover time
may lead toheart attackor stroke.
Less than 40mg/dL (formen)
Less than 50mg/dL (forwomen)
LowHDLcholesterol is amajor risk factor forheartdisease.
Less than 200mg/dL
Generally, a lower total cholesterol level isbetter.
Less than 70md/dL– ideal forpeople atveryhigh risk
ofheartdisease and stroke.
Less than 100mg/dL–Lowest riskofheart attack
and stroke.
40mg/dLorhigher
60mg/dLand above is consideredprotection
againstheartdisease.
Less than 150mg/dL (150mg/dL isnormal)
HEALTHYCHOLESTEROLLEVELS
*
150-199mg/dL–borderlinehigh
200-499mg/dL–hig
500mg/dLand above–veryhigh
*Normal triglyceride levelsvaryby age and sex.
High triglyceride levels inyourblood canhelp clog arterieswithplaque
(cholesteroland fatbuildup) andmay raise the riskofheart attack and stroke.
Above 600mg/dL increases the risk forpancreatitis.
*
These levels should beused as a generalguideline.Current recommendationsmight have changed and should be followed instead ofwhat is statedhere.Target levels alsodiffer according to thenumber of risk factorsyou have for coronary arterydisease.
Please see yourdoctor tofind outwhatyour target level should be.
TYPE
TOTALCHOLESTEROL
the levelof allof the lipids (fats) inyourblood,
includingLDLandHDLcholesterol
LDL
(“BAD”CHOLESTEROL)
HDL
(“GOOD”CHOLESTEROL)
TRIGLYCERIDES
UNHEALTHYCHOLESTEROLLEVELS *
CHOLESTEROL
FROMFOODYOUEAT
Normal
artery
Linning
Plaque
When the levelof
cholesterol in the
bloodstream isnormal,
arterialwalls remain
smoothand slippery.
When cholesterol
levels arehigh,
excess cholesterol can
buildupon thewalls
of the arteries and
may eventually reduce
bloodflow.
Ruptured
plaque
Blood clot
Plaque can rupture,
resulting in ablood
clot,whichmay cut
offbloodflow.
Lumen
Advancing
atherosclerosis
Clogged
artery
Redblood cells
HDL
HDL
LDL
LDL
HDL
C
h
o
l
e
s
t
e
r
o
l
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
i
n
t
h
e
b
l
o
o
d
Protein
Cholesterol
LIPOPROTEIN
Phospholipid
(other fats)
PublishedbyAnatomicalChartCompany|
Developed in consultationwithDr.DouglasS.Moodie
© 2014
D.
Hand Hygiene
Why is Hand Hygiene so Important?
Handsare themainpathways togerm transmissionduringhealthcare.
Therefore,goodhandhygiene is themost importantmethodofavoiding
spreadinggermsandpreventinghealth-careassociated infections.
When to Practice Hand Hygiene in Patient Care?
•Touchingapatient •Clean/asepticprocedure •GloveUse
Before
•Bodyfluidexposure •Touchingpatientorpatient surroundings •Gloveuse
After
©2014
PublishedbyAnatomicalChartCompany.Developed in consultationwithC.GlenMayhallM.D.
Washhandswhen visibly soiled.Otherwise, use hand rub.
Durationof handwashingprocess:
40 – 60 seconds.
Hand
Washing
Techniques
Hand
Rubbing
Techniques
Rubhandswith alcohol for hand hygiene.Wash handswhen visibly soiled.
Durationof hand rubbingprocess:
20 –30 seconds.
20-30
seconds
40-60
seconds
2.Rubhands,palm topalm.
3.Leftpalmover rightdorsum (top
sideof righthand)with interlaced
fingers.Reverseandplace right
palmover leftdorsum (top sideof
lefthand)with interlacedfingers.
4.Placehandspalm topalm
withfingers interlaced.
5.Placebacksoffingers toopposing
palmswithfingers interlocked.
6.Clasp rightpalmaround left thumb
and rotate.Reverse -clasp leftpalm
around right thumband rotate.
7.Claspfingersof righthandand
rub leftpalm rotationallyback-
wardsand forwards.Reverse –
claspfingersof lefthandand rub
rightpalm rotationallybackwards
and forwards.
Alcohol hand rubs arepreferredoverhandwashing because alcohol removesmicroorganisms from handsmorequickly and
effectively thanhandwashing.However, after caring for apatienton isolation forClostridiumdifficile infectionorNorovirus
infection, hands shouldbewashedwith soap andwater. Alcoholwill not kill these twomicroorganisms.
•Alcohol is lessdrying to the skin than handwashing.
•Hand careproducts shouldbe used regularly to keep skinof the hands ingood condition.
•Finger nail tips shouldbe kept short—not longer than¼ inch (.6 cm)
•Artificialnails should notbewornby healthcareworkerswho care for high-riskpatients
Reminders
Wethandswithwater.
Applyapalmfulofproduct inacuppedhand,coveringall surfaces.
Applyenough soap tocoverallhand surfaces.
3
4
2
6
7
5
1
1
8
8
9
10
11
Oncedry,handsare safe.
Rinsehandswithwater.
Dryhands thoroughlywitha single-use towel.
Use towel to turnoff faucet.
Oncedry,handsare safe.
Brand
New!
New
Edition!
M. 5645 Understanding Breast Cancer, 3rd Edition
978-1-4511-8565-2 Laminated
978-1-4511-8564-5 Paper
N. 1684 Understanding Prostate Cancer, 2nd Edition
978-1-4511-9169-1 Laminated
978-1-4511-9168-4 Paper
O. 3251 Understanding High Cholesterol, 2nd Edition
978-1-4511-9324-4 Laminated
978-1-4511-9325-1 Paper
P. 3381 Hand Hygiene
978-1-4511-9338-1 Laminated
4-A902A
