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Etiology of HCC
• Hepatitis B and C virus
• Chronic liver injury - cirrhosis
– Alcoholic cirrhosis
– Metabolic syndrome: insulin resistance,
hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity
– Biliary cirrhosis
• Hemochromatosis
• Aflatoxin B1: fungi of Aspergillus species
contaminating grain, nuts, and vegetables
in some parts of Asia and Africa