179 / 240
[0.63, 0.75],
p
G
.001). Meanwhile, the association between
perceived teamwork within units and perceived successful
handoffs was similarly negative in the clinical (
"
=
j
.11,
95% CI [
j
0.18,
j
0.04],
p
G
.01) and management staff
(
"
=
j
.15, 95% CI [
j
0.27,
j
0.04],
p
G
.01) models.
The staffing and management support for safety vari-
ables had a significant positive association with perceived
successful handoffs in analyses of both management and
clinical staff responses, thereby adding credence to their im-
portance. Staffing had a positive association with perceived
successful handoffs in the analysis of manager responses (
"
=
.21, 95% CI [0.15, 0.28],
p
G
.001) and of clinical staff
responses (
"
= .18, 95%CI [0.13, 0.22],
p
G
.001). Similarly,
perceived management support for safety had a positive as-
sociation with perceived successful handoffs in the analysis of
manager responses (
"
= .10, 95% CI [0.01, 0.18],
p
G
.05) as
Table 2
Weighted least squares multiple regression of successful handoffs on different organizational factors
Organizational Factor
Partial
R
2
"
95% CI
Supervisor support
G
.01
.02
(
j
0.07, 0.11)
Organizational learning
.01
.15
(0.07, 0.23)
***
Teamwork within units
.02
j
.19
(
j
0.27,
j
0.10)
***
Communication openness
G
.01
j
.01
(
j
0.08, 0.06)
Staffing
.07
.23
(0.18, 0.28)
***
Management support
G
.01
j
.04
(
j
0.11, 0.03)
Teamwork across units
.44
.83
(0.77, 0.89)
***
Included all hospital staff responses; weight was a hospital’s response rate;
N
= 1,052.
Controls included teaching hospital, government hospital, bed size, and region.
R
2
was .83 for full model;
R
2
was .31 for control variables only.
*
p
G
.05.
**
p
G
.01.
***
p
G
.001.
Table 3
Organizational factors that may influence successful handoffs: Comparing management and
clinical staff perceptions
Organizational factor
Management
a
mean Clinical
b
mean Difference Significance (
t
Test)
Supervisor support for safety
86.3
73.2
13.1
***
Organizational learning
84.3
72.1
12.2
***
Teamwork within units
89.4
79.9
9.5
***
Communication openness
77.5
60.0
17.5
***
Staffing levels
66.0
57.3
8.7
***
Management support for safety 85.8
67.6
18.2
***
Teamwork across units
68.0
57.0
11.0
***
Values reflect the average percentage of people at each hospital that agreed or strongly agreed with the questions that related to the variable of
interest;
N
= 1,047 hospitals.
Question responses were based on a 5-point Likert scale.
a
Management consists of hospital staff that selected their primary staff position as administration/management.
b
Clinical staff consists of physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, and medical assistants.
*
p
G
.05.
**
p
G
.01.
***
p
G
.001.
Successful Handoffs and Patient Safety
157