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57

Coastal pollution and dead zones, disrupted food chains

Increased vulnerability of infestations by invasive species

Climate change

Die-off of cold water

corals with acidification

Less cold-water driven

flushing and reduced

nutrient flows

Further increase in dead zones

Further infestations on dead corals and in fishing grounds,

breakdown by wave activity and storms

Concentrated cumulative impacts in the primary fishing grounds

resulting in collapse or greatly reduced recovery rates

80-100% tropical coral

reef die-off from bleaching

Overharvest from fisheries

Habitat loss related to

coastal development

Damage to ocean beds from

bottom trawling

Shifts in marine life distributions and reduced

ocean productivity

Figure 31. Climate change may,

inter alia

through effects on ocean currents, elevated sea temperatures, coral bleaching,

shifts in marine life, ocean acidification, severely exacerbate the combined impacts of accelerating coastal development

and pollution, dead zones, invasive species, bottom trawling and over-harvest.

These impacts will be the strongest in

10–15% of the World’s oceans, which harbour the most productive fishing grounds today, responsible for more than half

of the marine landings globally.