Schizophrenia
Bipolar Disorder
Unipolar Major
Depressive Disorder
Schizoaffective
Disorder
Obsessive-
Compulsive
Disorder
Panic
Disorder
Generalized
Anxiety
Disorder
Alcohol
Dependence
Phobia
Anorexia
Nervosa
ADHD
Men
Women
Men Women
Notes
Early onset
and severe
phenotype may
increase RR
Early onset may
increase
RR; female
relatives at
greatest risk for
any affective
disorder
Early onset and recurrent
episodes may increase
RR in first-degree
relatives; male-to-female
ratio is 1:2–3
—
Early onset
may
increase
RR
Early onset
may
increase
RR
—
Males may
have greater
sensitivity to
genetic risk
factors
—
—
RR higher
for male
relatives
than female
relatives;
continuation
of symptoms
into
adulthood
may indicate
increased
RR
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; FDR, first-degree relative; RR, recurrence risk.
a
Moldin SO. Psychiatric genetic counseling. In: Guze SB, ed.
Washington University Adult Psychiatry.
Mosby-Year Book; 1997.
b
Duffy A, Grof P. The implications of genetic studies of major mood disorders for clinical practice.
J Clin Psychiatry.
2000;61:630.
c
Gershon ES. A family study of schizoaffective, bipolar I, bipolar II, unipolar and normal control probands.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
1982;39:1157.
d
Gershon ES. A controlled family study of chronic psychosis.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
1988;45:328.
e
Potash JB. Searching high and low: A review of the genetics of bipolar disorder.
Bipolar Disord.
2000;2:8.
f
Barkley RA. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Sci Am.
1998;9:66.
g
Biederman J.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
1992;49:728.
h
Harper PS.
Practical Genetic Counseling.
4th ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1994:348.
i
Nurnberger J Jr, Berrettini W.
Psychiatric Genetics.
1st ed. London: Chapman Hall; 1998:164.
j
Hodgkinson KA. Genetic counseling for schizophrenia in the era of molecular genetics.
Can J Psychiatry.
2001;46:123.
k
Kendler KS, McGuire M. An epidemiologic, clinical and family study of simple schizophrenia in County Roscommon, Ireland.
Am J Psychiatry.
1994;151:27.
l
Rasmussen SA, Tsuang MT. The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
J Clin Psychiatry.
1984;45:450–457.
m
Goodwin FK, Jamison KR.
Manic Depressive Illness.
New York: Oxford University Press; 1990:938.
n
Crowe RR, Noyes R, Pauls DL. A family study of panic disorder.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
1983;40:1065.
o
Gottesman II, Shields J.
Schizophrenia: The Epigenetic Puzzle.
New York: Cambridge University Press; 1982.
p
Swedo SE, Rapoport IL, Leonard H. Obsessive-compulsive disorder children and adolescence.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
1989;46:335.
q
National Society of Genetic Counselors Psychiatric Special Interest Group. At a glance empiric risk data. Available at: www.nsgc.org/members_only/sig/sig_psyc_empiric.cfm.
Asarnow RF. Schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum personality disorders in the first-degree relatives of children with schizophrenia: The UCLA family study.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
2001;58:581.
Kendler KS, Gardner CO. The risk for psychiatric disorders in relatives of schizophrenic and control probands: A comparison of three independent studies.
Psychol Med.
1997;27:411.
Kendler KS, Walsh D. Schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder and psychotic disorder not otherwise specified: Clinical features, outcome and familial psychopathology.
Acta Psychiatry Scand.
1995;91:370.
McGuffin P. The heritability of bipolar affective disorder and the genetic relationship to unipolar depression.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
2003;60:497.
National Institutes of Mental Health. Genetics and mental disorders. 1999. Available at: www.nimh.nih.gov/research/genetics.htm.
Table 28.14-6
Empirical Risks for Selected Mental Disorders (
continued
)
906
