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s the computer continued to leave its mark on the world,

scientists were making incredible breakthroughs in bioen

gineering. One of the most remarkable accomplishments

was the ability to create new drugs using genetic material.

The first to do it were William Rutter and Pablo

Valenzuela of the University of California, who in 1981

produced a bioengineered

vaccine

against hepatitis B.

Until then, conventional hepatitis vaccines were made

from the blood of those infected with the virus. That tech-

nique, however, presented scientists with problems. Blood

could contain an undetected virus. Moreover, there wasn’t

to meet the demand for the vaccine.

Tunnel Vision

y theendof thedecade,government funding forBigSciencebegan towaneasbusi-

ness took amore active role in research, engineering, and technological innovation.

Given the freedom that private enterpriseswere allowed inWestern countries, they

had advantages over the state-controlled scientists in the Soviet Bloc.When engi-

neers began tunneling under the English Channel, for instance, to connectGreat

Britainwith Francewith a high-speed rail line, private enterprise, not the govern-

ment, footed thebill.

Referred to as the “Chunnel,” a combination of “channel” and “tunnel,” the

31-mile (50-km) tunnel was a collaborative effort between French and British

companies. InGreatBritain, themoney for the project came from two banks and

five construction companies, while in France, three banks and five construction

companieshelped pay the bills.Completed in 1994, theChunnel today isused by

20millionpeople a year.

AEurostar trainas itemerges from theChunnel

on theFrench side inCoquelles,nearCalais.

MOTMW-Science-FIANL.indd 38

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CHAPTER4

PCsGrowUp

n theworld of computing, private enterprise clearly held

the reins: a number of companies in the United States—

some small and new, some large and established—began

producing personal computers.Once the domain of hob-

byists, PCs began popping up in homes, businesses, and

governmentoffices.Everyyearcompanies releasednewand

bettermodels,making the computer industry a cutthroat

business.Computers became smarter,morepowerful, and

easier to use. People, universities, businesses, and govern-

mentsbeganusing themonanunprecedented scale.

In1981, IBM introduced aPC that turned the comput-

ingworldon itshead.The computer camewith twofloppy

drives,acolormonitor

,andadotmatrixprinter.By

the fol-

lowing year, the computerhadbecome such an important

partof life that

Time

magazinenamed it “Manof theYear,”

beating outRonaldReagan and PrimeMinisterMargaret

ThatcherofBritain.

“Computers were once regarded as distant, ominous

abstractions, like Big Brother,” themagazine wrote. “In

1982, they truly became personalized, brought down to

scale,so thatpeoplecouldhold,prodandplaywith them.”

Bioengineering

s the computer continued to leave itsmarkon theworld,

scientistsweremaking incrediblebreakthroughs inbioen-

gineering.One of themost remarkable accomplishments

was theability to createnewdrugsusinggeneticmaterial.

The first to do it were William Rutter and Pablo

Valenzuela of the University of California, who in 1981

produced a bioengineered

vaccine

against hepatitis B.

Until then, conventional hepatitis vaccines were made

from thebloodof those infectedwith the virus.That tech-

nique,however,presented scientistswithproblems.Blood

could contain anundetected virus.Moreover, therewasn’t

enough

plasma

tomeet thedemand for the vaccine.

By genetically engineering vaccines, scientists avoided

the use of human blood. Instead, researchers inserted a

gene from thehepatitisB virus into yeast cells.Those cells

ANEASY

INTERFACE

In theearlydaysofpersonal

computing,people typed inMS-DOS

commandsonablankscreen to

operate theircomputersandaccess

informationon them.ButBillGates

andPaulAllenhadsomething

different inmind. In 1985,Gates

andAllen’scompany,Microsoft,

cameoutwith itsfirstversionof

MicrosoftWindows,which rendered

MS-DOSnearlyobsolete.

Windows,however,wasnot the

firstoperating system to ntro-

duce thegraphicaluser interface,

orGUI.Apple introduced its

now-iconicMacintosh computer

in 1984.Andwhile thefirstMacs

didn’t takeoffasquicklyas the

early IBM–basedPCsdid, they

were thefirst togivepeople

aneasyway to interactwitha

computer.

AnearlyAppleMacintosh

computer, fromaround 1984.

MOTMW-Science-FIANL.indd 39

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T H E MAK I NG O F T H E MOD E RN WOR L D :

1 9 4 5 TO T H E PR E S E N T

GLOBAL STUDIES

Since the end of World War II, the world has transformed in profound, far-reaching

ways. The dismantling of European empires after the war led to decolonization, and

the realignment of WWII allies led to conflict between superpowers. As the Cold

War heated up, two ideologies—capitalism and communism—shaped daily life and

international affairs. And as it wound down, a tidal wave of globalization wrought

new avenues for growth but new sources of conflict—between the wealthy and the

poor, between the Global South and the Global North.

THE MAKING OF THE MODERN WORLD: 1945 TO THE PRESENT OFFERS STUDENTS AN

ACCESSIBLE GUIDE TO THESE TRANSFORMATIONS. IN A COMPELLING NARRATIVE STYLE, THE

HUMAN STORY OF OUR PLANET’S MOST RECENT HISTORY COMES TO LIFE.

Set ISBN ..........978-1-4222-3634-5

Hardcover Set Price ...........$287.37

$215.55 (S&L)

Hardcover List Price ..............31.93

$23.95 (S&L)

Multi-User eBook List Price ...39.93

$29.95 (S&L)

Full color • Library bound

Trim Size: 7 x 9 • 64 pages

Grade Level: 7-12

Culture and Customs in a Connected

World .................................................-3635-2 -8279-3

Education, Poverty, and Inequality........... -3636-9 -8280-9

Food, Population, and the Environment....-3637-6 -8281-6

Governance and the Quest for Security....-3638-3 -8282-3

Health and Medicine ...............................-3639-0 -8283-0

Migration and Refugees ......................... -3640-6 -8284-7

Science and Technology .........................-3641-3 -8285-4

Trade, Economic Life and Globalization .... -3642-0 -8286-1

Women, Minorities, and Changing

Social Structures ............................... -3643-7 -8287-8

HBK ISBN E-ISBN

ED I TOR I AL KEY I CONS

In response to the principals of learning, our editorial team has

devised key icons placed within our books, providing the reader

with further reading comprehension and learning opportunities.

Series Consultant:

Ruud van Dijk

Ruud van Dijk teaches the history of international

relations at the University of Amsterdam, the

Netherlands. He studied history at Amsterdam, the

University of Kansas, and Ohio University, where he

obtained his Ph.D. in 1999. He has also taught at

Carnegie Mellon University, Dickinson College, and

the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, where he

also served as editor at the Center for 21st Century

Studies.