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The Royal Marsden
Vascular Invasion
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Brown and Warren Surg Obstet Gynaecol1938
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170 rectal cancer post mortem examinations majority palliative
colostomy/ no surgery/ immediate postoperative death.
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histological evidence of tumour invasion of veins in 61% of 165
rectal adenocarcinomas
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67 of the 100 patients with venous invasion were found to have
visceral metastases, mostly liver.
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Only one case of metastasis in the absence of any vascular
invasion was found