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Index
Numbers in
bold
indicate
an illustration. Words in
bold
are in the glossary on
page 47.
Aircraft, exploration by 36-37
Alaska 22-23
Amundsen, Roald 25,
35
Antarctic
5
, 7, 10-11, 28-39,
42-46
Antarctic Polar Front
10
Antarctic
Treaty
39, 42-43,
45, 47
Arctic 4, 6-7, 8-9, 12-27,
40-41, 44-46
Barents, Willem
20
Basque whalers 19
Bellingshausen, Thaddeus
31
Bennett, Floyd 36
Bering Strait 9, 12
Bering, Vitus
22-23
Biscoe John 32,
33
blubber
15, 47
boats, Inuit 15
bone carvings and tools
13
, 15
Borchgrevink, Carsten
32
, 33
Bouvet, Jean-Baptiste 30
Byrd, Richard
36
, 37
Cabot, John
19
capsize
30, 47
Cathay (China), routes to
18
, 19-21
climate
6, 10, 47
clothing
14, 35
Cook, Frederick 26,
27
Cook, James
30
Davis, John
20
, 21
Dorset Culture
6
, 12
Drake, Francis 29
Ellsworth, Lincoln
36
Endurance
36
Environmental
Protocol
43, 47
Erebus
32
Erik the Red 16, 17
Eriksson, Leif
16
Eskimos
see
Inuit
Fiennes, Sir Ranulph 38
food, Inuit 15
Fram
26
Franklin, Lady Jane
25
Franklin, Sir John
24
-25
Frobisher, Captain Martin
20
, 21
Fuchs, Sir Vivian
38
fur trade 22
Gama,Vasco da
18
, 19, 29
Greely Adolphus 26
Greenland 9, 17, 26, 40
Herbert, Wally 27
homes, Inuit
14
-15
Hopewell
20
Hudson, Henry
20, 21
Hudson’s Bay Company 21
husky dogs
8
, 15
ice cap
10,
11
, 47
icebergs
9
,
11
Iceland 16, 17, 18
igloos
14
-15
International Arctic Science
Committee 41
International co-operation
38-39, 40-42
International Geophysical
Year (IGY) 38-39, 42
Inuit (Inuk)
6
,
13
, 14-15, 26,
41
ivory tools 15
kamiks
14
kayaks
15
Kergeulen, Yves-Joseph 30
latitude lines
9
life support system
44, 47
longitude lines
9
Magellan, Ferdinand 19,
28
, 29
magnetism
32, 47
Mawson, Douglas
37
McClintock, Sir Francis 25
McClure, Robert 25
Middle Ages
28, 47
Midnight Sun 7
minerals
and mining
41
, 43, 47
minutes
(of degrees) 9, 47
Mirny
31
Muscovy Company
20
musk-ox
12
, 13
mutiny
21, 47
Nansen, Fridtjof 26
Nares, Sir George 26
navigators
19, 47
Neanderthals
12, 47
Newfoundland 19
North Magnetic Pole
7, 8, 9,
26-27
North Pole 7,
8
, 9, 26-27
Northeast Passage 19, 20-21
Northwest Passage 19,
20-21, 24
nunataks 10
oil extraction 45
Operations Highjump and
Windmill 37
ozone hole 44-
45
Parry, Sir William
25
, 26
Peary, Robert
26
-27
penguins
10
Pole of Inaccessiblity 39
pollution 44-45
Polo, Marco 19
Polynesian legend
29
Pythagoras
7
Pytheas
7
Rae, John 25
Resolution
30
Roosevelt
26
Ross, James Clark
32-33
Ross Island
33
Ross, Sir John 25
Rymill, John
36
, 37
St Brendan 17
Scientific Committee for
Antarctic Research
(SCAR) 42
Scoresby, William 23
Scott, Robert Falcon 2, 34-35
scurvy
23, 47
seals and
sealers 12
, 15, 31,
32, 47
settlers
, early Arctic 12-13,
17, 47
Severin, Tim 17
Shackleton, Ernest
2
, 34, 36,
37
Siberia 22-23
South Magnetic Pole 32, 33,
37
South Pole 9,
10
, 34-35, 39
Southern Ocean
10
, 11, 28
Spitsbergen 9,41
stone carving, Inuit 15
Stroud, Dr Michael 38
Terra Australis Incognita
28
,
29
Terror
32
Thule Culture 13
time chart 46
tourism
43
transport, Inuit 15
tree line
8
treks
22, 47
tundra
8, 12, 47
umiaks
15
Urville, Jules Dumont d’
33
Vikings
16-17
visitors, control of 45
Vostok
31
waste 44-45
Weddell,James 32,
33
whales and whaling 15,
19
,
23, 33, 41
Wilkes, Charles
33
Wilson, Edward
2
, 34
Photographic credits
Cover: Main: Denis Burdin/Dreamstime; Flags: Amble/
Wikimedia; Peary: Hampton, 1909; Penguins: Gentoo
Multimedia/Dollar Photo.
Inside: Bryan and Cherry Alexander 6 bottom, 9 top, 29
bottom, 41 top, 45 right; Ancient Art and Architecture
Collection 28 top; Bridgeman Art Library 2, 7 top; Brit-
ish Library, 18 center; Giraudon, 19 bottom, 30 bottom;
British Antarctic Surve,y 39 bottom, 43 bottom; ET
Archive 14 right, 20 center, 21 bottom, 24 top; Mary
Evans Picture Library, 7 bottom, 25 bottom, 27 center;
Werner Forman Archive, 6 top, 15 bottom, 17 top; John
Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company, Boston, Mas-
sachusetts, 26 bottom; Robert Harding Picture Library,
13 center, 23 top left, 39 top; Michael Holford 29 top;
Hulton Deutsch Collection 21 top, 37 bottom and inset;
Mansell Collection 14 left, 22 right, 35 bottom; NASA
45 left; Nasjonalgalleriet, Oslo 16 bottom; National
Maritime Museum, Greenwich 23 bottom, 30 top, 32
top; Peter Newark’s Pictures 17 bottom, 19 top, 24
center, 28 bottom; Novosti Photo Library 31 bottom;
Oxford Scientific Films Ltd 11 top left; Ben Osborne,
13 to; Doug Allan, 33 bottom; Kim Westerskov, 43 top;
Colin Monteath; Planet Earth Pictures 9 bottom; Royal
Geographical Society 11 bottom, 25 top, 26 top, 34 cen-
ter, 36 left, 38 bottom, 44; Science Photo Library 11 top
right, 42; Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge 23
top right, 27 top left, 32 bottom, 34 bottom, 37 center;
Gazprom 41 bottom; US Coast Guard 45 bottom.
48