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then insisted upon living with her parents until 1957,
before going to the U.S.A. until 1959, when, at the
husband's request, she returned to Sandymount to live
with him for a few months. The husband's financial
position was still precarious, so that he had to subse-
quently go to the United States for a few months. Their
only child, a son, was then born, and, while the husband
accepted a post in Omagh, the wife remained in
Raheny. Eventually, after his mother's death, having
obtained some money, he bought a bungalow in
Dundrum. While retaining his position in Omagh,
he used to come there at week-ends. This arrangement
continued until the final separation in August 1965.
From the beginning the husband was irresponsible
about money matters, contracted large debts and
gambled heavily. The strong-willed wife, who wanted
financial security, was impatient of her husband's way
of life, which finally led to her nervous break down.
She insisted in August 1965 that the husband leave the
bungalow and he has not lived there since. From 1965
to 1968, the wife was mainly supported by her father,
and lived in a rented house in Foxrock. On 6 December
1968, the husband signed an agreement to pay £ 7 per
week for the child, but nothing was provided for the
wife. Payments were irregular.
In 1968 the wife went to England to get employment
and resided there. In October 1971, she brought pro-
ceedings for a full divorce in the High Court in Eng-
land, and obtained a decree nisi. No cause was shown by
the husband, and the order dissolving the marriage was
made absolute in January 1972. The petition contained
the averment that the wife had been ordinarily resident
in England for 3 years before presenting the petition.
The wife as plaintiff now seeks maintenance under the
Married Women (Maintenance in case of Desertion)
Act 1886. Husband's counsel has submitted that he did
not desert his wife, because she told him to leave, and
he asked for a dismiss. The domicile of a wife is that of
her husband until their marriage is legally terminated
by a
divorce a vinculo.
As the husband was at all
times domiciled in Ireland, the Irish Courts do not
recognise the divorce in England, as having the effect of
dissolving the marriage, because a divorce granted to a
wife resident in England against a husband domiciled in
Ireland will not have that effect in Ireland, as that
jurisdiction did not exist in England before 1922. Conse-
quently the husband and wife are still legally married
under Irish Law.
There can be no estoppel between husband and wife
as to the existence of a valid marriage between them.
The wife's application to the English High Court for
divorce does not prevent her claiming to be the hus-
band's wife in Ireland.
It is claimed that the wife has been deserted by her
husband under the Act of 1886. It has been held that a
married woman who leaves her husband, because he
has been guilty of cruelty to her, has been constructively
deserted, and may claim a weekly payment. In order to
constitute constructive desertion, an intention to disrupt
the marriage or to bring cohabitation to an end must
be proved. But no such intention is here manifested by
the husband; folly about money by itself does not justify
the wife from leaving her husband. The separation was
by consent, and did not amount to constructive deser-
tion. The wife's application for maintenance is dis-
missed but there will be no order as to costs.
[Counihan v. Counihan; Kenny J.; unreported; 27
July 1973.]
Certificate issued to be deemed conclusive evidence that
the concentration of alcohol in the blood of a
person from whom specimen is taken is deemed to
be the specified concentration of alcohol—S.44
(2) (a) of the Road Traffic Act 1968 providing for
this is unconstitutional.
On 23 September 1971 plaintiff convicted of attempt-
ing to drive while excessive concentration of alcohol in
his blood, under S.49 of Road Traffic Act 1961, as
amended by S.29 of Road Traffic Act 1968. In the High
Court, before O'Keeffe P., plaintiff had issued pro-
ceedings seeking a declaration that S.44 (2) (a) of the
Act of 1968 was unconstitutional inasmuch as it pro-
posed to prove that the certificate issued by the Bureau
be conclusive evidence that at the time it was taken
or provided, the concentration of alcohol in the blood
of the person from whom the specimen was taken, was
the specified concentration of alcohol. The President re-
fused to grant this declaration.
Plaintiff alleges that the procedure by which the
Certificate is obtained is contrary to the following
articles of the Constitution :
Article 34 (1)—Justice to be administered by Judges
established by the Constitution.
Article 38 ( 1 )—No person shall be tried on a criminal
trial save in due course of law.
Article 37—Limited functions and powers of a judicial
nature in criminal matters can only be exer-
cised by Judges under the Constitution.
In order to be convicted, the amount of alcohol
present in a person's body, within 3 hours of driving»
must exceed 125 milligrammes of alcohol per 100 milH'
litres of blood. If a District Justice is not satisfied beyond
reasonable doubt of this fact, he must acquit; the Jus-
tice must arrive at a conclusion upon the matter based
on his own judgment of the evidence. As the certi-
ficate is deemed to be conclusive evidence of the
specified concentration of alcohol at the time, it pre-
cludes the Justice from forming any judgment on this
matter. In effect an accused person is not free to con-
test the determination of alcohol set out in the certi-
ficate. Although S.45 of the Act of 1968 provides for
a second analysis of the blood in the presence of the
accused if he requested it, nevertheless the evidence
provided by the Certificate from the Bureau is ulti-
mately incontestable, therefore the Justice cannot exer-
cise his judgment upon the matter.
The administration of justice in criminal matters is
confined exclusively by the Constitution to the Courts
and Judges set up by the Constitution. Consequently
it is for such Judges alone to determine the essential
ingredients of an offence charged against an accused.
Insofar as statutory provision purports to remove such
determination from the Judges established by the Con-
stitution, it is an invalid infringement of the judicial
power. Here the offending element is the evidential
conclusiveness of the certificate. If the word "con-
clusive
1
" had been omitted, the certificate would have
been valid.
There remains the declaration that the whole of S.44
(2) (a) of the 1968 is unconstitutional, now that the
word "conclusive" evidence is omitted. The Court was
asked to sever the word "conclusive" to give the para-
graph constitutional validity. Article 15(4) of the Con-
stitution declares that any law repugnant to the Con-
stitution invalid only to the extent of such repugnancy-
This is essentially a matter of interpreting the intention
of the Legislature, particularly in view of Article 15(2)
56