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physicians, trauma surgeons, radiologists, neurosurgeons, and otolaryn-

gologists. After the patient is stabilized, the sequelae of the temporal

bone fractures can undergo further evaluation and management. The

otolaryngology evaluation should establish baseline facial nerve

function and assess for the presence of a CSF leak, in addition to

identifying hearing and balance deficits related to the fracture. Once the

patient is stabilized, a thorough head and neck and neurological

examination should be performed, along with a dedicated temporal

bone noncontrast CT and audiogram or bedside hearing assessment.

Confirming a CSF leak and deciding the optimal therapy for facial nerve

dysfunction are the primary challenges faced during the evaluation of

temporal bone fractures.

VIII. References and Suggested Readings

Brodie HA, Thompson TC. Management of complications from 820

temporal bone fractures.

Am J Otol

. 1997;18:188-197.

Cannon CR, Jahrsdoerfer RA. Temporal bone fractures: Review of 90

cases.

Arch Otolaryngol.

1983;109:285-288.

Chang JCY, Cass S. Management of facial nerve injury due to temporal

bone trauma.

Am J Otol.

1999;20:96.

Dahiya R, Keller JD, Litofsky NS, Bankey PE, Bonassar LJ, Megerian CA.

Temporal bone fractures: Otic capsule sparing versus otic capsule

violating clinical and radiographic considerations.

J Trauma.

1999;47:1079-1083.

Johnson F, Semaan MT, Megaerian CA. Temporal bone fracture:

Evaluation and management in the modern era.

Otolaryngology Clinics of

North America.

2008;41(3):597-618.

Little SC, Kesser BW. Radiographic classification of temporal bone

fracture: Clinical predictability using a new system.

Arch Otolaryngol

Head Neck Surg.

2006;132(12):1300-1304.

Nosan DK, Benecke JE, Murr AH. Current perspective on temporal bone

trauma.

Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.

1997;117(1): 67-71.