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Serious issues involving the orbital structures can best be managed in
conjunction with the consultant ophthalmologist.
IV. References
1. Nahum AM. The biomechanics of maxillofacial trauma. Clinical Plastic
Surgery. 1975;2:59.
2. Lang J. Paranasal sinuses. In: Lang J. Clinical Anatomy of the Nose,
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses. New York, NY: Thieme Medical
Publishers, Inc.; 1989:63.
3. Fenton WH, Donald PJ, Carlton W. The pressure exerted by muco-
celes in the frontal sinus. Archives of Otolaryngology.
1990;116:836-840.
4. Lawson W. Frontal sinus. In: Blitzer A, Lawson W, Friedman WH, eds.
Surgery of the Paranasal Sinuses. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
1985:120-148.
5. Draf W. Endonasal micro-endoscopic frontal sinus surgery: The Fulda
concept. Operative Tech Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991;2:234-240.
6. Donald PJ, Bernstein L. Compound frontal sinus injuries with intracra-
nial penetration. Laryngoscope. 1978;88:225-232
7. Merville LC, Derome PJ. Concomittant dislocations of the face and
skull. J Maxillofac Surg. 1978;6(1):2-14.
V. Recommended Reading
Holt GR, Holt JE. Incidence of eye injuries in facial fractures: An analysis
of 727 cases. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1983;91:276-279.
Imahara SD, Hopper RA, Wang J, Rivara FP, Klein MB. Patterns and
outcomes of pediatric facial fractures in the US: A survey of the
National Trauma Data Bank. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;207(5):710-716.
Mazzoli RA, Ainbinder DJ, Hansen EA. Orbital trauma. Chapter 20 in:
Thach AB, ed. Ophthalmic Care of the Combat Casualty. Fort Detrick, MD:
U.S. Army Borden Institute; 2003. Accessed at: -
Nguyen M, Koshy JC, Hollier LH Jr. Pearls of naso-orbital-ethmoid
trauma management. Semin Plast Surg. 2010;24(4):383-388.
Vora NM, Fedok FG. Management of the central nasal support complex
in naso-orbital ethmoid fractures. Facial Plast Surg. 2000;16(2):181-191.