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ČESTMÍR ČEPELKA

CYIL 4 ȍ2013Ȏ

sebeobrany v rozporu s právním myšlením. Podle KMP zůstává sebeobrana „mimo

diskusi“ pouhou výjimkou ze zákazu uchylování se k síle, což je ale primární pravi-

dlo. Je však všeobecně uznáváno, že sebeobrana je donucovacím prostředkem a tedy

pravidlem sekundárním. Zbývá tudíž jen jediná cesta jak se vymanit z výše uvede-

ného dilema.

Jakkoli existující Návrh článků o odpovědnosti států je pokládán za nedělitelný

celek, který nemá být znovuotevřen k dalšímu projednávání, obsahuje nicméně pra-

vidla dvou odlišných oblastí. A sice pravidla vlastní odpovědnosti státu za protiprávní

čin a dále ta pravidla, jež se týkají vynucení případně nesplněných odpovědnostních

závazků. Pravidla týkající se odpovědnosti státu mají už širokou podporu meziná-

rodního společenství a mohou být snadno kodifikována, oproti tomu protiopatření

(represálie) a sebeobrana jsou instituty, které postrádají tuto stabilizaci.

Key words:

International Law Commission (ILC), Draft articles on Responsibility

of States for internationally wrongful acts, codifying international convention,

countermeasures (non-forcible) reprisals, self-defence.

On the Author:

Čestmír Čepelka (born in 1927) is emeritus professor of international

law. Till 1993 he was a member of the Department of International Law at the

Faculty of Law, Charles University, in Prague

.

Since then he has been cooperating

externally with this department. In his research he mainly focuses on general

international law and its codification.

1. Introduction

The International Law Commission’s draft articles on Responsibility of States

for internationally wrongful acts (with commentaries) was adopted in 2001 after

some 48 years of work. The UN General Assembly took note of it (A/RES/56/83 of

12 Dec. 2001) and decided to consider at a later stage, in light of the importance of

the topic, the possibility of convening an international conference of plenipotentiaries

with a view to concluding an international convention on the topic. Since then, it

has dealt with this draft three times every three years, in 2004, 2007 and 2010,

without reaching consensus on the final form of these articles.

In 2004 the resolution of the UNGeneral Assembly (A/RES/59/35 of 2Dec. 2004)

requested Governments to submit their written comments on any future action

regarding the articles. Further, it requested the Secretary-General to prepare an initial

compilation of decisions of international courts, tribunals and other bodies referring

to the articles and to invite Governments to submit information on their practice in

this regard, and further requested the Secretary-General to submit this material well

in advance of the sixty-second session (2007).

In 2007 the resolution of the General Assembly (A/RES/62/61 of 6 Dec. 2007)

once more commended the articles on responsibility of States to the attention of

Governments and repeated the previous requests (of 2004).