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ANATOMICAL CHART COMPANY
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Anatomical Chart Collections
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Anatomical Charts & Posters
(pages 4-26)
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Gifts (page 75)
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Health Education Resources
(pages 39-40)
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Reference Materials & Study Aids
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Skeletal Models (pages 58-74)
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Anatomical Models
What isHighBlood Pressure?
When the heart beats, it pumps blood out to all parts of the body thru the arteries creating force or pressure against thewalls of the
arteries.Likeair ina tire,bloodfillsarteries toacertaincapacity.But justas toomuchairpressurecandamagea tire,highbloodpressure
candamagehealthyarteries.Whenbloodpressure ishigh theheartmustworkharder topump the sameamountofblood through the
arteries.Bloodpressure rises and fallsduring theday, butwhen bloodpressure stayshigh over time, it is calledhigh bloodpressure
(HBP)orhypertension.Thewear and tear causedbyuntreatedhighbloodpressure can causedamage to theheart,kidneys and eyes,
and increases the risk forheart attack, stroke,kidney failure, coronaryarterydisease, andother serioushealthproblems.
How isBlood PressureMeasured?
Bloodpressure ismeasuredwitha simple testusingabloodpressure cuff.The cuff iswrapped around
yourupper arm and inflated enough to stop thebloodflow inyour artery for a few seconds.When the cuff
is releasedordeflated, thefirst soundheardbyyourhealth careprovider through the stethoscope is the
whooshing soundofyourheartpushingblood intoyour arteries.This is called the “systolic”bloodpressure.
The “diastolic”bloodpressure iswhen thisnoisedisappears, indicating theheart is relaxed.
The systolicbloodpressurenumber is always statedfirst followedby thediastolicnumber.
For example,yourbloodpressuremaybe read as “117over76”,orwritten“117/76”.
Two numbers are used to describe blood pressure:
Diastolic (bottom number)
The second number is lower than the
systolic pressure and measures blood pressure when the heart relaxes between
beats.This is called “diastolic bloodpressure.”Anormal healthy number is around 76.
Your blood pressure normally changes throughout the day. It rises when you are
active, and lowerswhenyou are resting.
117
76
mmHg
Systolic (top number)
The top number called “systolic blood pressure”
measures bloodpressurewhen the heartpumps blood forward through the arteries to
the restofyourbody.This force createspressureon thearteries.Bloodpressure ishighest
when theheartbeats,pumping theblood.Anormalhealthynumber is around 117.
mmHg
is ameasurementofpressure
Types andCauses ofHighBlood Pressure (Hypertension)
Primary or essential hypertension
is themost common type of high blood pressure. Inmost cases the exact causes are
unknown;however there are several factors that increaseor contribute toyour chancesofdevelopinghighbloodpressure:
•Obesityorbeingoverweight
•Lackofphysical activity
•Poordiet, especiallyone that includes toomuch saltand too littlepotassium
•Genetics and familymedicalhistory
•Age andgender
•High levelsof alcohol consumption
•Ethnicbackground
•Stress
•Smokingand secondhand smoke
Secondaryhypertension
may result fromaknown cause such as:
•Chronickidneydisease
•Adrenaland thyroidproblemsor tumors
•Diabetes
•Pregnancy
•Someneurologicdisorders
Signs and Symptoms ofHighBlood Pressure
Most of the time, high bloodpressuredoes not cause any symptoms. It is oftendiagnosedwhen apatient visits theirphysician for a
routine check-up.Many peopledo not realize they have high blood pressure until it has causeddamage to their body. In rare cases,
headaches can result from extremelyhighbloodpressure.
Complications ofHighBloodPressure
Understanding
High Blood Pressure
BRAIN
Stroke
–Bloodvessels in thebrain thataredamaged,weakened
andnarrowedbyhighbloodpressuremaybulgeout (aneurysm)
andburst causingblood to seep into thebrain tissue (hemorrhage).
Orblood clotsmay form in the arteries leading to thebrain,
blockingbloodflow.
Transient IschemicAttack
–TIA (ministroke) is abrief,
temporarydisruptionofblood supply to thebrain. It’soften
causedbyatherosclerosisor ablood clot—bothofwhich
canbe a resultofhighbloodpressure.
EYES
Thickened,narrowedor tornbloodvessels in the eyesmay result
invision loss.
Damagedbloodvessels
in the retinaof the eye
Thickened arterywalls
Arteriosclerosis
Plaquebuilduponwallsofartery
Atherosclerosis
Thickenedheartmuscle
LeftVentricularHypertrophy
Blocked coronary arteries
Angina
Blood clot
Hemorrhage
Aneurysm
BLOODVESSELS
Highbloodpressure candamage the innerwallsof arteries causing them to thicken
andharden, a condition called
arteriosclerosis
.Cholesterolandother substances
(plaque) in theblood can collecton thedamagedwallsof the arteries; a condition
called
atherosclerosis
; andmayblockbloodflow causingproblems suchas chest
pain (angina),heartattack,heart failure,kidney failure, stroke,blockedarteries
inyour legsor arms (peripheral arterialdisease), eyedamage,and aneurysms.
HighBlood Pressure inChildren
Teens, childrenand evenbabies canhavehighbloodpressure.Althoughhigh
bloodpressure is farmore common among adults, the rate amongkids ison the
rise,a trend that experts link to the increase in childhoodobesity.Early
diagnosis and treatment can reduceorprevent theharmful complications
ofhighbloodpressure.TheAmericanHeartAssociation recommends
thatall childrenhave theirbloodpressuremeasuredyearly.Children
have the same test forhighbloodpressure as adults;however,
interpreting thenumbers ismoredifficult.Your child’s
physicianwilluse chartsbasedonyour child’sgender,
height, age andbloodpressurenumbers todetermine
whetherornotyour childhashighbloodpressure.
KIDNEYS
Highbloodpressure isoneof themost common causesof
kidney failure. It candamageboth the large arteries leading
to thekidneys and the tinybloodvesselswithin thekidneys.
Damage to eitherprevents thekidneys from effectivelyfilteringwaste
from theblood,allowingdangerous levelsoffluidandwaste toaccumulate.
Glomerulus–filters
waste fromblood
Bloodvessel
damagedby
Arteriosclerosis
HighBloodpressure that isnot controlled can cause long-termdamage toyourblood
vessels,brain,heart,kidneys, and eyes.Learning aboutyourbloodpressure canhelp
reduceyour riskofhaving a strokeorheart attack. Askyourhealth careprovider to
checkyourbloodpressure today.
ANEURYSM
Over time, the constantpressureofbloodmoving throughaweakenedartery
cancauseasectionof itswall toenlargeand formabulge (aneurysm).Ananeurysm
canburst and cause internalbleeding.Aneurysms can form in anyartery in
thebody,but they’remost common in the aorta, thebody’s largestartery.
Aorticaneurysm
Burst aneurysm
HEART
CoronaryArteryDisease (CAD)
–Affects the arteries that supplyblood to
theheart.Thickened andnarrowed coronaryarteriespreventblood from
flowing freely to theheart, causing chestpain (angina),heart attackor irregular
heart rhythms (arrhythmias).
LeftVentricularHypertrophy (LVH)
–Highbloodpressure forces theheart to
workharder topumpblood to the restof thebody.This causes theheart’s leftpumping
chamber (the leftventricle) to thickenor stiffen limiting theventricle’s ability topump
blood, increasing the riskofheart attack,heart failure and sudden cardiacdeath.
Heart failure
–Over time, the strainon theheart fromhighbloodpressure
can cause theheart toweaken andwork less efficiently, eventually
failing tomeet thebody’sdemand forblood.
PublishedbyAnatomicalChartCompany |
Developed in consultationwithDr.DouglasS.Moodie.
©2014
Highbloodpressure canbeprevented andmanagedbestby adjustingyour lifestyle.Decreaseyourbloodpressureby:
•Reducebodyweight ifoverweight
•Maintain ahealthyweight
•Eathealthy foods
•Decrease salt inyourdiet
•Decrease fat inyourdiet
• Increasefiber inyourdiet
•Donot smoke
•Avoid excessive alcohol intake
•Exercise regularly
•Manage stress
•Followyourphysician’s instructions and
take anymedications asprescribed
Prevention andManagement
F
*Your doctor should evaluateunusually low blood pressure readings.
or
Diastolic
mmHg (lower #)
HypertensiveCrisis
(Emergency care needed)
Higher than
180
Higher than
110
90 – 99
100
orhigher
or
or
Healthy andUnhealthyBlood Pressure Levels
Blood Pressure
Category
Systolic
mmHg (upper#)
80 – 89
or
120 – 139
Prehypertension
HighBlood Pressure
(Hypertension)
Stage 1
HighBlood Pressure
(Hypertension)
Stage 2
less than
80
and
less than
120
Normal
140 – 159
160
orhigher
http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/J.
38
Nutrition Resources
39
Health Education
41
Training Aids
42
Anatomical
58
Skeletal
75
Gifts
76
Index
Resources
& Simulators
Models
Models
D.