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ANATOMICAL CHART COMPANY

49

E

F.

G.

H.

I.

Anatomical Chart Collections

(pages 27-30)

Anatomical Charts & Posters

(pages 4-26)

Gifts (page 75)

Health Education Resources

(pages 39-40)

Reference Materials & Study Aids

(pages 31-34)

Skeletal Models (pages 58-74)

Be sure to see ...

Anatomical Models

What isHighBlood Pressure?

When the heart beats, it pumps blood out to all parts of the body thru the arteries creating force or pressure against thewalls of the

arteries.Likeair ina tire,bloodfillsarteries toacertaincapacity.But justas toomuchairpressurecandamagea tire,highbloodpressure

candamagehealthyarteries.Whenbloodpressure ishigh theheartmustworkharder topump the sameamountofblood through the

arteries.Bloodpressure rises and fallsduring theday, butwhen bloodpressure stayshigh over time, it is calledhigh bloodpressure

(HBP)orhypertension.Thewear and tear causedbyuntreatedhighbloodpressure can causedamage to theheart,kidneys and eyes,

and increases the risk forheart attack, stroke,kidney failure, coronaryarterydisease, andother serioushealthproblems.

How isBlood PressureMeasured?

Bloodpressure ismeasuredwitha simple testusingabloodpressure cuff.The cuff iswrapped around

yourupper arm and inflated enough to stop thebloodflow inyour artery for a few seconds.When the cuff

is releasedordeflated, thefirst soundheardbyyourhealth careprovider through the stethoscope is the

whooshing soundofyourheartpushingblood intoyour arteries.This is called the “systolic”bloodpressure.

The “diastolic”bloodpressure iswhen thisnoisedisappears, indicating theheart is relaxed.

The systolicbloodpressurenumber is always statedfirst followedby thediastolicnumber.

For example,yourbloodpressuremaybe read as “117over76”,orwritten“117/76”.

Two numbers are used to describe blood pressure:

Diastolic (bottom number)

The second number is lower than the

systolic pressure and measures blood pressure when the heart relaxes between

beats.This is called “diastolic bloodpressure.”Anormal healthy number is around 76.

Your blood pressure normally changes throughout the day. It rises when you are

active, and lowerswhenyou are resting.

117

76

mmHg

Systolic (top number)

The top number called “systolic blood pressure”

measures bloodpressurewhen the heartpumps blood forward through the arteries to

the restofyourbody.This force createspressureon thearteries.Bloodpressure ishighest

when theheartbeats,pumping theblood.Anormalhealthynumber is around 117.

mmHg

is ameasurementofpressure

Types andCauses ofHighBlood Pressure (Hypertension)

Primary or essential hypertension

is themost common type of high blood pressure. Inmost cases the exact causes are

unknown;however there are several factors that increaseor contribute toyour chancesofdevelopinghighbloodpressure:

•Obesityorbeingoverweight

•Lackofphysical activity

•Poordiet, especiallyone that includes toomuch saltand too littlepotassium

•Genetics and familymedicalhistory

•Age andgender

•High levelsof alcohol consumption

•Ethnicbackground

•Stress

•Smokingand secondhand smoke

Secondaryhypertension

may result fromaknown cause such as:

•Chronickidneydisease

•Adrenaland thyroidproblemsor tumors

•Diabetes

•Pregnancy

•Someneurologicdisorders

Signs and Symptoms ofHighBlood Pressure

Most of the time, high bloodpressuredoes not cause any symptoms. It is oftendiagnosedwhen apatient visits theirphysician for a

routine check-up.Many peopledo not realize they have high blood pressure until it has causeddamage to their body. In rare cases,

headaches can result from extremelyhighbloodpressure.

Complications ofHighBloodPressure

Understanding

High Blood Pressure

BRAIN

Stroke

–Bloodvessels in thebrain thataredamaged,weakened

andnarrowedbyhighbloodpressuremaybulgeout (aneurysm)

andburst causingblood to seep into thebrain tissue (hemorrhage).

Orblood clotsmay form in the arteries leading to thebrain,

blockingbloodflow.

Transient IschemicAttack

–TIA (ministroke) is abrief,

temporarydisruptionofblood supply to thebrain. It’soften

causedbyatherosclerosisor ablood clot—bothofwhich

canbe a resultofhighbloodpressure.

EYES

Thickened,narrowedor tornbloodvessels in the eyesmay result

invision loss.

Damagedbloodvessels

in the retinaof the eye

Thickened arterywalls

Arteriosclerosis

Plaquebuilduponwallsofartery

Atherosclerosis

Thickenedheartmuscle

LeftVentricularHypertrophy

Blocked coronary arteries

Angina

Blood clot

Hemorrhage

Aneurysm

BLOODVESSELS

Highbloodpressure candamage the innerwallsof arteries causing them to thicken

andharden, a condition called

arteriosclerosis

.Cholesterolandother substances

(plaque) in theblood can collecton thedamagedwallsof the arteries; a condition

called

atherosclerosis

; andmayblockbloodflow causingproblems suchas chest

pain (angina),heartattack,heart failure,kidney failure, stroke,blockedarteries

inyour legsor arms (peripheral arterialdisease), eyedamage,and aneurysms.

HighBlood Pressure inChildren

Teens, childrenand evenbabies canhavehighbloodpressure.Althoughhigh

bloodpressure is farmore common among adults, the rate amongkids ison the

rise,a trend that experts link to the increase in childhoodobesity.Early

diagnosis and treatment can reduceorprevent theharmful complications

ofhighbloodpressure.TheAmericanHeartAssociation recommends

thatall childrenhave theirbloodpressuremeasuredyearly.Children

have the same test forhighbloodpressure as adults;however,

interpreting thenumbers ismoredifficult.Your child’s

physicianwilluse chartsbasedonyour child’sgender,

height, age andbloodpressurenumbers todetermine

whetherornotyour childhashighbloodpressure.

KIDNEYS

Highbloodpressure isoneof themost common causesof

kidney failure. It candamageboth the large arteries leading

to thekidneys and the tinybloodvesselswithin thekidneys.

Damage to eitherprevents thekidneys from effectivelyfilteringwaste

from theblood,allowingdangerous levelsoffluidandwaste toaccumulate.

Glomerulus–filters

waste fromblood

Bloodvessel

damagedby

Arteriosclerosis

HighBloodpressure that isnot controlled can cause long-termdamage toyourblood

vessels,brain,heart,kidneys, and eyes.Learning aboutyourbloodpressure canhelp

reduceyour riskofhaving a strokeorheart attack. Askyourhealth careprovider to

checkyourbloodpressure today.

ANEURYSM

Over time, the constantpressureofbloodmoving throughaweakenedartery

cancauseasectionof itswall toenlargeand formabulge (aneurysm).Ananeurysm

canburst and cause internalbleeding.Aneurysms can form in anyartery in

thebody,but they’remost common in the aorta, thebody’s largestartery.

Aorticaneurysm

Burst aneurysm

HEART

CoronaryArteryDisease (CAD)

–Affects the arteries that supplyblood to

theheart.Thickened andnarrowed coronaryarteriespreventblood from

flowing freely to theheart, causing chestpain (angina),heart attackor irregular

heart rhythms (arrhythmias).

LeftVentricularHypertrophy (LVH)

–Highbloodpressure forces theheart to

workharder topumpblood to the restof thebody.This causes theheart’s leftpumping

chamber (the leftventricle) to thickenor stiffen limiting theventricle’s ability topump

blood, increasing the riskofheart attack,heart failure and sudden cardiacdeath.

Heart failure

–Over time, the strainon theheart fromhighbloodpressure

can cause theheart toweaken andwork less efficiently, eventually

failing tomeet thebody’sdemand forblood.

PublishedbyAnatomicalChartCompany |

Developed in consultationwithDr.DouglasS.Moodie.

©2014

Highbloodpressure canbeprevented andmanagedbestby adjustingyour lifestyle.Decreaseyourbloodpressureby:

•Reducebodyweight ifoverweight

•Maintain ahealthyweight

•Eathealthy foods

•Decrease salt inyourdiet

•Decrease fat inyourdiet

• Increasefiber inyourdiet

•Donot smoke

•Avoid excessive alcohol intake

•Exercise regularly

•Manage stress

•Followyourphysician’s instructions and

take anymedications asprescribed

Prevention andManagement

F

*Your doctor should evaluateunusually low blood pressure readings.

or

Diastolic

mmHg (lower #)

HypertensiveCrisis

(Emergency care needed)

Higher than

180

Higher than

110

90 – 99

100

orhigher

or

or

Healthy andUnhealthyBlood Pressure Levels

Blood Pressure

Category

Systolic

mmHg (upper#)

80 – 89

or

120 – 139

Prehypertension

HighBlood Pressure

(Hypertension)

Stage 1

HighBlood Pressure

(Hypertension)

Stage 2

less than

80

and

less than

120

Normal

140 – 159

160

orhigher

http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/

J.

38

Nutrition Resources

39

Health Education

41

Training Aids

42

Anatomical

58

Skeletal

75

Gifts

76

Index

Resources

& Simulators

Models

Models

D.