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Public health policies during the

Soviet period eliminated several

traditional diseases. But for lack

of adequate investment in medi-

cal equipment and drugs in the

1970s and 1980s they failed to

effectively halt a worrying rise in the overall and

infant death rate. This setback is very noticeable

all over Russia, but in much of the Caspian basin

it went hand in hand with a shortage of ameni-

ties, due to the distance from the country’s main

economic centres. Iran is gradually catching up