PADI RTO First Aid Student Manual

What is the general purpose of the circulatory system? Most cells in the human body are not in direct contact with the external environment. The purpose of the circulatory system is to act as a transport service to provide these cells with the essentials of life. The circulatory system transports both blood and lymph. The heart, blood and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system, while lymph nodes, lymph and lymph vessels form the lymphatic system. How many litres of blood are there in an average-sized adult body? An average-sized adult body contains approximately six litres of blood liquid and blood solids. Liquids make up 55% and solids the remaining 45%, including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide and waste products. Blood also defends us against disease and helps regulate body temperature. How big is the heart, what is its general shape and where is it located? The heart is pear-shaped in size, it is a muscular organ hardly bigger than your fist. Your heart does approximately 70 beats/minute = 2.5 billion beats/lifetime. The heart is located in the chest cavity, behind the breast-bone and between the lungs. The right side pumps blood to the lungs and the left side pumps blood to other body parts. What is the name of the heart cells that trigger its beating action? Pacemaker cells initiate a chain reaction that causes the heart to contract in waves; they are located in the top right portion of the heart. The top cells contract first, followed by the lower portion of the heart. If pacemaker cells are deprived of oxygen, abnormal rhythm (ventricular fibrillation) may occur.

HLTAID007 - PROVIDE ADVANCED RESUSCITATION

HLTAID007 - PROVIDE ADVANCED RESUSCITATION

What are possible complications with the use of a bag-valve-mask and how do you minimise these? Possible complications may include missing parts (you do not use an incomplete unit), a hole in the reservoir bag (you would replace the bag or use BVM without the reservoir bag), the squeeze bag has a hole (you would have to replace the whole BVM or do not use it), or the mask may not be sealing on the casualty’s face (you would then ensure correct positioning of the mask). You may also find that air is coming out from around the mask but not through the mask. In this case you need to ensure all components have been assembled correctly and positioned correctly around the squeeze bag, and check to see there is no blockage in the mask. Also, the squeeze bag may remain deflated once squeezed; you then ensure there are valves at the back of the bag and that none of these are blocked by foreign debris (if there are no valves then the bag would inflate). Basic anatomy, physiology and toxicology as it relates to providing advanced resuscitation This section introduces you to relevant organs of the cardiopulmonary system and their operation as well as the basic electrical activity associated with normal and abnormal heart rhythm. You’ll also learn how to clean, care and maintain resuscitation and oxygen equipment along with troubleshooting to identify minor and major faults in resuscitation equipment, actions to rectify problems and procedures to ensure operational readiness. Cardiopulmonary system What are the relevant organs of the

What is the name of the blood vessels that take blood away from the heart? During each heart contraction, blood surges into the arteries – the vessels that carry blood away from the heart. Arteries are strong and elastic. What is a pulse and blood pressure? As blood enters an artery after the heart contracts, it stretches. This stretching can actually be felt when an artery is near the surface of the skin. This feeling of the stretching of arteries is called a pulse. Contraction of the heart propels the blood through the arteries with considerable force. This force is called blood pressure. When an artery is cut, blood spurts out under pressure in regular intervals. Typically, arterial blood is bright red because it is oxygen-rich.

cardiopulmonary system and what is their function? The cardiopulmonary system consists of the circulatory and respiratory systems combined. Cardio means ‘heart’ and pulmonary means ‘concerning the lungs and breathing’. Organs include the heart, lungs, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, aorta, trachea, and bronchi. The function of the cardiopulmonary system is to take in and transport oxygen into the body and remove waste from the body in the form of carbon dioxide. You learnt about the respiratory system in the prerequisite section (HLTAID001 Perform CPR) so let’s now look at how the circulatory system operates.

What is the name of the one cell wide blood vessels located at the site of nutrient and waste exchange? As blood moves away from the heart through the arteries, the vessels get smaller and smaller. Eventually the arteries branch into a network of tiny vessels called capillaries. All the body’s cells are in close proximity to a capillary network. This close association between capillaries and cells allows for the exchange of materials. Since capillary walls are only one cell thick, gases and nutrients can easily diffuse into and out of the thin walls.   A small cut or abrasion anywhere on the skin is sure to damage a bed of capillaries. When capillaries are cut, the blood oozes slowly and typically stops quickly due to clotting.

VII-9

VII-8

PADI RTO

PADI RTO