SPSFAM Heavy Metals ERP Book

K ubachka et al .: J ournal of AOAC I nternational V ol . 100, N o . 4, 2017  1085

Table 5. Analysis of Certified Reference Materials

No. of Labs

No. of replicates

iAs, µg/kg a

DMA, µg/kg

MMA, µg/kg

Sum of As species, µg/kg a

Total As certified value, µg/kg

Total As control limit, µg/kg ± 20% b

Reference Material

NIST SRM 1643e Trace Elements in Water 7

33 56.7 ± 5.1

58.98 ± 0.70

59.0 ± 12.0 8.01 ± 1.60

NIST SRM 1640a Trace Elements in Natural Water

2

10 7.89 ± 0.94

a  mean ± 1 σ. b  Uncertainty expressed as ± 20% of the certified values.

We would also like to thank the following collaborators for their participation in this study: Traci Hanley, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Regulatory Affairs, Forensic Chemistry Center (Cincinnati, OH) Sean Conklin, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (College Park, MD) Cynthia Smith, U.S. Food and DrugAdministration, Office of Regulatory Affairs, Kansas City Laboratory (Lenexa, KS) David Ouellette, Arizona Department of Health Services (Phoenix, AZ) Katie Seely, Arkansas Public Health laboratory (Little Rock, AR) Kyungmi Min, California Department of Public Health (Richmond, CA) Brian Wels and Hanna Lyons, University of Iowa, State Hygienic Laboratory (Ankeny, IA) Treeske Ehresmann, Zena Kassa, and Michele Swarbrick, Minnesota Department of Agriculture (St. Paul, MN) (1) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007) Toxicological Profile for Arsenic , Atlanta, GA, http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ toxprofiles/tp2.pdf (2) International Agency for Research on Cancer (2012) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogen Risks to Humans 100C , 41–93, http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/ vol100C/mono100C-6.pdf (3) Kaise, T., & Fukui, S. (1992) Appl. Organomet. Chem. 6 , 155–160. doi:10.1002/aoc.590060208 (4) World Health Organization (2011) Evaluation of certain contaminants in food: seventy-second report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, WHO Technical Report Series 959, http://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/10665/44514/1/WHO_TRS_959_eng.pdf (accessed on December 16, 2016) (5) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2001) National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; Arsenic and Clarifications to Compliance and New Source Contaminants Monitoring, document 66 FR 6975, https://www.federalregister.gov/ documents/2001/01/22/01-1668/national-primary-drinking- water-regulations-arsenic-and-clarifications-to-compliance-and- new-source (6) U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2016) Total Diet Study, http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodScienceResearch/TotalDietStudy/ (accessed December 2016) (7) Roberge, J., Abalos, A.T., Skinner, J.M., Kopplin, M., & Harris, R.B. (2009) Am. J. Environ. Sci. 5 , 688–694. doi:10.3844/ ajessp.2009.688.694 (8) Nearing, M.M., Koch, I., & Reimer, K.J. (2014) Spectrochim. Acta B At. Spectrosc. 99 , 150–162. doi:10.1016/j. sab.2014.07.001 References

(9) Ellingson, D., Zywicki, R., & Sullivan, D. (2014) J. AOAC Int. 97 , 1670–1681. doi:10.5740/jaoacint.14-047 (10) Conklin, S.D., & Chen, P.E. (2012) Food Addit. Contam. Part A 29 , 1272–1279 (11) Wang, Z., Nadeau, L., Sparling, M., & Forsyth, D. (2015) Food Anal. Methods 8 , 173–179. doi:10.1007/s12161-014-9888-5 (12) Conklin, S.D., Kubachka, K., & Shockey, N. (2013) Elemental Analysis Manual for Food and Related Products Analytical Method 4.10, High Performance Liquid Chromatography- Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Four Arsenic Species in Fruit Juice, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, http://www.fda.gov/ downloads/Food/FoodScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/ UCM361630.pdf (13) U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2011) Results of Arsenic Analysis in Single-Strength Apple Juice, 2011(ORA Sampling Assignment 2011102701), http://www.fda.gov/ Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/Metals/ucm283725.htm (accessed September 2016) (14) U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2013) News Release: FDA proposes “action level” for arsenic in apple juice, July 12, 2013, https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/ Metals/ucm280209.htm (accessed September 2016) (15) U.S Food and Drug Administration Office of Foods and Veterinary Medicine (2015) Guidelines for the Validation of Chemical Methods for the FDA FVM Program , 2nd Ed., http:// www.fda.gov/downloads/ScienceResearch/FieldScience/ UCM273418.pdf (accessed September 2016) (16) Food Emergency Response Network, https://www.fernlab.org/ (accessed December 2016) (17) Conklin, S.D., Kubachka, K., Shockey, N., Reba, R., Bhandari, S., Briscoe, M., Huang, M., Maniei, F., Mindak, W., Murphy, C., Nelson, J., Scifres, J., Sheng, L., Smith, C., Sullivan, D., & Coates, S. (2016) J. AOAC Int. 99 , 1125–1133. doi:10.5740/ jaoacint.16-0154 (18) Interlaboratory Study Workbook for Blind (Unpaired) Replicates , version 2.1. (2014) AOAC INTERNATIONAL, Rockville, MD (19) Cunningham, W.C., Mindak, W.R., & Capar, S.G. (2014) Elemental Analysis Manual for Food and Related Products General Analytical Operations and Information 3.2, Terminology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/ FoodScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/UCM411104.pdf (20) Kitagawa, F., Shiomi, K.,Otsuka, K., (2006) Electrophoresis 27, 2233-9. doi:10.1002/elps.200500614 (21) Gray, P.J., Mindak, W.R., & Cheng, J. (2015) Elemental Analysis Manual for Food and Related Products Analytical Method 4.7, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Mercury, and Other Elements in Food Using Microwave Assisted Digestion, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/ FoodScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/UCM377005.pdf (accessed September 2016)