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from the collaborative effort of local and state law enforcement, working in partnership with local communities and treatment resources, and acting in concert with the overall strategy and policies developed by the federal government.

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About the Author: Captain Todd Rossbach was com- missioned into the Regular Army in 2008 where he continues to serve as a Military Police Officer. He is cur- rently serving as a Small Group Leader for the Military Police Captains’ Career Course at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. His education includes: a Bachelor of Arts in History and Political Science from the University of Minnesota; a Master’s degree fromWebster University in Business and Organizational Security Management; and is a graduate of the FBI National Academy, Session #271.

References Center for Disease Control. Retrieved 16 February 2018, from https://www.cdc.gov/ drugoverdose/index.html. Gaviria, M. (2016). Chasing heroin [Video]. Frontline. Retrieved 16 February 2018, from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/chasing-heroin/ Hearing before the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives. One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session. Serial No. 112-95. March 7, 2012. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives. One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, First Session. Serial No. 142-45. July 28, 2015. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). Retrieved on 16 February 2018, from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/heroin. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). Retrieved on 16 February 2018, from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/relationship- between-prescription-drug-abuse-heroin-use/introduction. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). Increased drug availability is associated with increased use and overdose. Retrieved 16 February 2018, from https:// www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/relationship-between- prescription-drug-abuse-heroin-use/increased-drug-availability-associated- increased-use-overdose Nolan, D. & Amico, C. (2016). How Bad is the Opioid Epidemic? Frontline . Retrieved 16 February 2018, from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/how- bad-is-the-opioid-epidemic/ Office of National Drug Control Policy, White House. (2016). Prescription Opioid Misuse and Heroin . Retrieved on 16 February 2018, from https://obama whitehouse.archives.gov/ondcp/policy-and-research/ndcs/key-issues/opioids. Office of National Drug Control Policy, White House. (2016). National Drug Control Strategy . Retrieved on 16 February 2018, from https://obamawhitehouse. archives.gov/ondcp/policy-and-research/ndcs. Office of National Drug Control Policy, White House. (2017). President’s Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis . Retrieved 16 February 2018, from https://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/presidents-commission/. Quinones, S. (2015). Dreamland: The true tale of America’s opiate epidemic . New York, NY: Bloomsbury Press. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2018). About the U.S. opioid epidemic . Retrieved 16 February 2018, from https://www.hhs.gov/opioids/ about-the-epidemic/index.html

Alternate prescription drug treatment programs, such as methadone clinics or prescribing suboxone (Frontline, 2016). Beyond the local level, the federal government has also been actively involved in developing strategy and policy to counter the opioid epidemic. Starting in 2010, and updated in 2016, the Obama Admin- istration published a National Drug Strategy that described the administration’s efforts to address the opioid epidemic by reducing illicit drug use and its consequences in the U.S. (ONDCP, 2016). Of the many goals of this strategy, the most pertinent to law enforcement were: / Preventing drug use in our communities. / Breaking the cycle of drug use, crime, and incarceration. / Disrupting domestic drug trafficking and production. Upon entering office, President Trump has taken immediate steps as well to address the opioid crisis. In 2017, the president appointed Governor Chris Christie to lead a commission to review the history of how the opioid epidemic came about and provide recommendations. Among the commission’s recom- mendations (ONDCP, 2017), those pertaining to law enforcement include: / Reduce the number of illicit opioids available on the streets. / Expand access and administration of naloxone. / Disrupt the illicit fentanyl supply. / Protect first responders from harmful effects resulting from exposure to fentanyl and other synthetic opioids. / Encourage drug courts and diversion programs, including establishing federal district drug courts. / Enhance drug enforcement efforts aimed at reducing the flow of illicit drugs into the country and increasing investigations of transnational criminal organizations, violent gangs, and drug traffickers. Because this epidemic did not reach its current proportions overnight, it will not be resolved by any single measure or level of response. The resolution of the opioid crisis will only result

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