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Penumbra
Lateral scattering:
➢
MCS: penumbra increases with
increasing penetration depth.
➢
Exceeds penumbra of photons at
some point.
Presence of range shifter (combined
with low energies):
➢
Substantial increase of spot size.
➢
Dose calculation accuracy for
PB algorithm impaired.
➢
Reduce air gap.
Courtesy Palmans 2006
Water phantom
Low energy
High energy
Courtesy Grevillot 2014