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ALGERIA
LIBYA
MOROCCO
Western Sahara
EGYPT
SUDAN
CHAD
NIGER
MALI
MAURITANIA
NIGERIA
DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF
CONGO
ANGOLA
NAMIBIA
SOUTH AFRICA
BOTSWANA
ZIMBABWE
MOZAMBIQUE
TANZANIA
KENYA
SOMALIA
MADAGASCAR
ETHIOPIA
SOMALILAND
ERITREA
SOUTH
SUDAN
CENTRAL
AFRICAN
REPUBLIC
CONGO
GABON
CAMEROON
EQ. GUINEA
BENIN
TOGO
GHANA
IVORY COAST
BURKINA FASO
SENEGAL
GUINEA
SIERRA LEONE
LIBERIA
GUINEA BISSAU
GAMBIA
UGANDA
RWANDA
BURUNDI
DJIBOUTI
MALAWI
ZAMBIA
LESOTHO
SWAZILAND
T
o
S
i
n
g
a
p
o
r
e
v
i
a
D
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b
a
i
T
o
S
o
u
t
h
E
a
s
t
A
s
i
a
a
n
d
C
h
i
n
a
T
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E
u
o
p
e
a
n
d
U
S
A
T
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S
o
u
t
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E
a
s
t
A
s
i
a
a
n
d
C
h
i
n
a
T
o
S
o
u
t
h
E
a
s
t
A
s
i
a
a
n
d
C
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i
n
a
T
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S
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u
t
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E
a
s
t
A
s
i
a
a
n
d
C
h
i
n
a
Beitbridge
Durban
Beira
Lusaka
Lubumbashi
Nairobi
Livingstone
Lilongwe
Dar es Salaam
Zanzibar
Pemba
Maputo
Mombasa
Cape Town
Khartoum
QATAR
DUBAI
Cairo
Lagos
Douala
Luanda
Kinshasa
Ivory smuggling hotspots
Major transit point or area
Major domestic market
African elephant range
Exit point, by air
Exit point, by sea
Land route
Main shipping route
Other shipping route
Ivory smuggling routes
Other shipping ports
Known
Possible
Illegal ivory tra cking routes
Sources: CITES, COP14 Proposal 6, 2007;Wasser, S., K., et al., Using DNA to
track the origin of the largest ivory seizure since the 1989 trade ban, PNAS,
2007; Environment Investigation Agency (EIA), How China’s illegal ivory
trade is causing a 21st century African elephant disaster, 2007; UNODC,
Promoting health, security and justice, 2010; personal communication with
Dr Christian Nelleman, GRID-Arendal, 2012.