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Particles: unique molecular & cellular effects
substan'ally higher amount of
reac've oxygen species
(ROS)
p21
(cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor)
= cell cycle arrest
(Scholz 2001 Rad. Res.)
higher + longer cell cycle
arrest in the G2/M-phase
more damage to slow cycling or
quiescent cells
subcellular and cellular level
differen'al gene regula'on
and epigene'c modula'on
higher effect to cells possessing
inherent/required radioresistance
more clustered DNA damage