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Evidence for the use of PN in the PICU

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19.

Vlasselaers D, Milants I, Desmet L, et al. Intensive insulin therapy for patients in paediatric intensive

care: a prospective, randomised controlled study. Lancet 2009;373:547-56.

20.

Macrae D, Grieve R, Allen E, et al. A randomized trial of hyperglycemic control in pediatric intensive

care. N Engl J Med 2014;370:107-18.

21.

Lacroix J, Hebert PC, Hutchison JS, et al. Transfusion strategies for patients in pediatric intensive

care units. N Engl J Med 2007;356:1609-19.

22.

Ohye RG, Sleeper LA, Mahony L, et al. Comparison of shunt types in the Norwood procedure for

single-ventricle lesions. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1980-92.

23.

Agus MS, Steil GM, Wypij D, et al. Tight glycemic control versus standard care after pediatric cardiac

surgery. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1208-19.

24.

Hoffman TM, Wernovsky G, Atz AM, et al. Efficacy and safety of milrinone in preventing low cardiac

output syndrome in infants and children after corrective surgery for congenital heart disease.

Circulation 2003;107:996-1002.

25.

Hutchison JS, Ward RE, Lacroix J, et al. Hypothermia therapy after traumatic brain injury in children.

N Engl J Med 2008;358:2447-56.

26.

Takala J, Ruokonen E, Webster NR, et al. Increased mortality associated with growth hormone

treatment in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 1999;341:785-92.

27.

Casaer MP, Mesotten D, Hermans G, et al. Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults.

N Engl J Med 2011;365:506-17.

28.

Briassouli E, Briassoulis G. Glutamine randomized studies in early life: the unsolved riddle of

experimental and clinical studies. Clin Dev Immunol 2012;2012:749189.

29.

Heyland D, Muscedere J, Wischmeyer PE, et al. A randomized trial of glutamine and antioxidants in

critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1489-97.

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van Zanten AR, Hofman Z, Heyland DK. Consequences of the REDOXS and METAPLUS Trials: The End

of an Era of Glutamine and Antioxidant Supplementation for Critically Ill Patients? JPEN J Parenter

Enteral Nutr 2015;39:890-2.

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Tao KM, Li XQ, Yang LQ, et al. Glutamine supplementation for critically ill adults. Cochrane Database

Syst Rev 2014;9:CD010050.

32.

Trivedi A, Sinn JK. Early versus late administration of amino acids in preterm infants receiving

parenteral nutrition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;7:CD008771.

33.

Drenckpohl D, McConnell C, Gaffney S, Niehaus M, Macwan KS. Randomized trial of very low birth

weight infants receiving higher rates of infusion of intravenous fat emulsions during the first week

of life. Pediatrics 2008;122:743-51.

34.

Fischer CJ, Maucort-Boulch D, Essomo Megnier-Mbo CM, Remontet L, Claris O. Early parenteral

lipids and growth velocity in extremely-low-birth-weight infants. Clin Nutr 2014;33:502-8.

35.

Casaer MP, Van den Berghe G. Nutrition in the acute phase of critical illness. N Engl J Med

2014;370:1227-36.

36.

Doig GS, Simpson F, Early PNTIG. Early parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients with short-

term relative contraindications to early enteral nutrition: a full economic analysis of a multicenter

randomized controlled trial based on US costs. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res 2013;5:369-79.

37.

Heidegger CP, Berger MM, Graf S, et al. Optimisation of energy provision with supplemental

parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Lancet

2013;381:385-93.

38.

Hermans G, Casaer MP, Clerckx B, et al. Effect of toleratingmacronutrient deficit on the development

of intensive-care unit acquired weakness: a subanalysis of the EPaNIC trial. Lancet Respir Med

2013;1:621-9.

39.

Vanwijngaerden YM, Langouche L, Brunner R, et al. Withholding parenteral nutrition during

critical illness increases plasma bilirubin but lowers the incidence of biliary sludge. Hepatology

2014;60:202-10.