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How do cells die?
Type of death
Morphology
Biochemistry
Detection
Nucleus
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Apoptosis
Chromatin condensation
Blebbing
Fragmentation
Caspase-dependent
Electron microscopy
(Programmed I)
Nuclear fragmentation
(Apoptotic bodies)
TUNEL
DNA laddering
DNA fragmentation
Mitochondrial membrane potential
Caspase activity
Autophagy
Partial chromatin
Blebbing
Autophagic vesicles
Lysosomal activity
Electron microscopy
(Programmed II)
condensation
Protein degradation
Autophagosomemembranemarkers
Necrosis
RandomDNA fragmentation
Rupture
Swelling
Electron microscopy
(Programmed III)
DNA clumping
Vacuolation
Nuclear staining (loss)
Organelle degeneration
Tissue inflammation
Mitochondrial swelling
Senescence
Heterochromatic foci
Flattening
SA-β-gal activity
Electron microscopy
Granularity
SA-β-gal staining
Proliferation, P-pRB (loss)
p53, INK4A, ARF (increased)
Mitotic catastrophe
Micronuclei
CDK1/cyclinB activation
Electron microscopy
Nuclear fragmentation
Mitotic markers (MPM2)