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5

Photon dose calculation methods

Dose engines

Method characteristics

Remarks

Monte Carlo

Explicit particle transport

simulation

+ Accurate

- Noisy dose distributions

Standard research tool,

clinical use under

development

Analytic solvers

Solves numerically transport

equtations

+ Accurate

- Discretization effects

Standard tool in nuclear

engineering, less

common in medical

physics

Point kernel methods

“Convolution/superposition”

“Collapsed Cone”

Implicit particle transport

+ Accurate

- Minor systematic errors

Current workhorse for

accurate calculations in

lung.

Pencil kernel methods

Heterogeneity impact through

corrections

The workhorse for many

applications, in particular

IMRT optimization.

Scatter dose estimations

”Semi” pencil kernel metods

Often used for

factorbased calculation

schemes

1D heterogeneity corrections

Models what happen along the

incident beam direction only

Can be used to correct

dose calculated with any

method for a

homogeneous case

”Model

based”

“Factor

based”