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Conakry
Cairo
Kano
Khartoum
Lagos
Kampala
Kisangani
Nairobi
Johannesburg
Middle East and
Gulf countries
Europe
South East
Asia
Malaysia
Jakarta
Bangkok
China
Taiwan
Main international routes for the illegal tra cking of great apes
Istanbul
KENYA
NIGERIA
DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC
OF CONGO
SOUTH
AFRICA
CAMEROON
SUDAN
EGYPT
GUINEA
UGANDA
Tra cking hotspots
Main hub or transit point
Main exit airport
Main destination
Main smuggling
routes recorded
By air
By land
By sea
Origin and destination
Area of origin
Transit country
Main markets
Sources: UNODC,The Globalization of Crime, 2010; Karl Ammann
& Pax Animalis,The Cairo Connection, Part 2, 2011;The Guardian,
Flora and Fauna International,WWF,
press reviews;
personal
communication with Dr. Daniel Stiles.