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Front Cover
1

PREFACE
5

SUMMARY
6

RECOMMENDATIONS
10

INTRODUCTION
13

GREAT APE POPULATIONS
17

THREATS TO GREAT APES
25

RANGE LOSS
25

STORIES OF TRAFFICKING OF GREAT APES
28

TRENDS IN THE ILLEGAL TRADE IN GREAT APES
31

SMUGGLING METHODS AND ROUTES
33

DISEASE THREATS AND ILLEGAL TRADE
34

IMPACT OF ILLEGAL TRADE
35

TYPES OF TRAFFICKING
38

LIVE GREAT APE MARKETS
40

GREAT APE SANCTUARIES
43

CONCLUSION: PROTECTING GREAT APES – CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
45

RECOMMENDATIONS
47

ACRONYMS
48

CONTRIBUTORS AND REVIEWERS
49

REFERENCES
50

Back Cover
56