138 / 202
KICK THE HABIT
THE CYCLE – REDUCE
138
30
20
10
0
0 25
40
50
60
70
80
50 75 100 125 150
200
250
300
Urban density
Inhabitants per hectare
Houston
Phoenix
Detroit
Denver
Los Angeles
San Francisco
Boston
Washington
Chicago
New York
Toronto
Perth
Brisbane
Melbourne
Sydney
Hamburg
Frankfurt
Zurich
Brussels
Munich
West Berlin
Vienna
Singapore
Moscow
Tokyo
Amsterdam
Copenhagen
Stockholm
Paris
London
Hong Kong
Source: Newman et Kenworthy, 1989;
Atlas Environnement du Monde Diplomatique 2007
.
Transport-related energy consumption
Gigajoules per capita per year
Urban density and
transport-related
energy consumption
North American cities
European cities
Asian cities
Australian cities
and food from the surrounding farmland. The first phase of the city will
house up to 80 000 people by 2020 and citizens will be encouraged to
make use of the zero-carbon public transport, which will be powered en-
tirely by renewable energy. People arriving at Dongtan, near Shanghai, will
leave their cars outside the city, travelling along the shore on foot, bicycle
or sustainable public transport. The only vehicles allowed in the city will be
powered by electricity or hydrogen. Dongtan will produce its own energy
from wind, solar, biofuels and recycled city waste. Gas will be made from