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CTV reduction: sphincter

Lange MM et

al.Br

J Surg 2007

Nijkamp et al IJROBP 2011

Bujiko

Multidisciplinary Management of Rectal Cancer 2012

Inferior limit

avoid anal

sphincter and IRF when not

invaded

Anal canal inclusion in CTV incontinence

Anal canal in

CTV

Y

N

p

incontinence

93%

65%

0.059