CTV reduction: sphincter
Lange MM et
al.BrJ Surg 2007
Nijkamp et al IJROBP 2011
Bujiko
Multidisciplinary Management of Rectal Cancer 2012
Inferior limit
avoid anal
sphincter and IRF when not
invaded
Anal canal inclusion in CTV incontinence
Anal canal in
CTV
Y
N
p
incontinence
93%
65%
0.059




