Caterpillar Performance Handbook, January 2017, SEBD0351-47

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28

CONTENTS

Elements of Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-1 Volume Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-2 Swell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-2 Load Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-2 Material Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-2 Fill Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-3 Soil Density Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-3 Figuring Production On-the-Job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-4 Load Weighing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-4 Time Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-4 English Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-4 Metric Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-5 Estimating Production Off-the-Job. . . . . . . . . . . . 28-5 Rolling Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-5 Grade Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-6 Total Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-6 Traction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-6 Altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-7 Job Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-8 English Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-8 Metric Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-10 Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-13 Economic Haul Distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-13 Production Estimating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-14 Loading Match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-14 Fuel Consumption and Productivity. . . . . . . . . . 28-14 Formulas and Rules of Thumb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-15

INTRODUCTION

This section explains the earthmoving principles used

to determine machine productivity. It shows how to

calculate production on-the-job or estimate production

off-the-job.

ELEMENTS OF PRODUCTION

Production is the hourly rate at which material is

moved. Production can be expressed in various units:

Metric

Bank Cubic Meters

— BCM — bank m

3

Loose Cubic Meters

— LCM — loose m

3

Compacted Cubic Meters — CCM— compacted m

3

Tonnes

English

Bank Cubic Yards

— BCY — bank yd

3

Loose Cubic Yards

— LCY — loose yd

3

Compacted Cubic Yards — CCY — compacted yd

3

Tons

For most earthmoving and material handling appli-

cations, production is calculated by multiplying the quan-

tity of material (load) moved per cycle by the number

of cycles per hour.

Production = Load/cycle

×

cycles/hour

The load can be determined by

1) load weighing with scales

2) load estimating based on machine rating

3) surveyed volume divided by load count

4) machine payload measurement system

Generally, earthmoving and overburden removal for

coal mines are calculated by volume (bank cubic meters

or bank cubic yards). Metal mines and aggregate pro-

ducers usually work in weight (tons or tonnes).

MINING AND EARTHMOVING

Edition 47 28-1